Using the Public Health Law Map
Public Health Topics
General Medical Law Topics
General Legal Topics
Introduction to Public Health Law
The History of Public Health Authority
Legal Standards for Public Health Authority
Expert Decision Makers
Reviewing Public Health Orders
Due Process and Privacy
Organization of the Legal System
Federalism
Checks and Balances
The Legislative Branch
The Executive Branch
The Judicial Branch
State Versus Federal Powers
Regulation of Commerce
The Police Power
Federal Preemption
Limits to Federal Power
The State Court System
The Common Law
The Importance of Precedent
Weaknesses in the Common Law Process
The Litigation Bias
Administrative Adjudications versus Trials
Private Alternatives to the Courts—Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
ADR Techniques
Implementing ADR
References - ADR
Tort Claims against Private Parties
Types of Claims
Personal Injury Torts
Negligence
Res Ipsa Loquitur
Negligence Per Se
Intentional Torts
Sexual Assault
Contract and Property Claims
Divorce, Custody, and Incompetence
Statutory Causes of Action
Nonmonetary Remedies - Injunctions
Medical Malpractice Claims
Duty
Standard of Care
The Expert’s Role
Schools of Practice
The Locality Rule
The Importance of Setting Objective Standards
Malpractice Considerations in Pediatrics
Acute Medical Care
Long Statutes of Limitation
Causation
Defensive Medicine
Technology-Oriented Medicine
Diagnosis and Testing
Specialty Blinders
Medical Malpractice Litigation References
The Measure of Damages
Direct Economic Damages
Lost Earnings
Medical Expenses
Preexisting Illness
Future Medical Costs
Rehabilitation and Accommodation
The Strategic Value of Medical Expenses
Indirect Economic Damages
Pain and Emotional Distress
Consortium
Punitive Damages
The Collateral Source Rule
Strategies for Paying Damages
Lump Sum Payments
Structured Settlements
Products Liability
The Legal Risks of Safety Devices*
Filtering Data
Fetal Monitors
Pulse Oximeters
Lessons for Technology Assessment
References - Civil Claims
Claims against the Government
Sovereign Immunity
The Court of Claims
The Tucker Act
The Little Tucker Act
Mixed Cases
Current Status of Federal Sovereign Immunity
Federal Tort Liability
Federal Tort Claims Acts (FTCA)
Process for Filing a Demand and Lawsuit
Damages
Exceptions to the FTCA
Discretionary Acts
Ministerial Tasks
Intentional Torts under FTCA
Assault and Battery
Defamation
Quarantine
Military
Law Enforcement Exception
Medical Malpractice under the FTCA
The Discretionary Function Defense in FTCA Medical Malpractice Cases
Community Health Centers
Constitutional Torts - Bivens Actions
Bivens and Alternative Remedies
Public Health Bivens Claims
Tort Claims against Federal Contractors
FTCA Liability
The Government Contractor Defense
Bivens Actions against Private Actors
Liability of a Federal Officer under State Law
Liability for Intentional Actions: 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (1871)
State Immunity: The Eleventh Amendment
Exceptions to Eleventh Amendment Immunity
Abrogating State Immunity
Personal Liability for Constitutional Torts
Limits of Claims Brought under § 1983
§ 1983 Liability for Defamation
Failure to Perform a Governmental Service
Liability for Violating the State Constitutions
Liability for Violating State Statutes and Regulations
Liability of State Contractors
State Tort Claims Acts
Discretionary Acts
Governmental v. Proprietary Functions
Tort Liability for State Contractors
Construction
Liability for Damages of State or Agency in Operating Hospitals
Personal Liability of State Health Officials
Public Health Examples
Federal Review of State Court Proceedings
Immunity Defenses
Absolute Immunity
Qualified Immunity
The Policy Rationale for Qualified Immunity
The Clearly Established Rights Test
The Role of Precedent in Establishing Immunity
Criminal Law
Commonalties in Criminal and Administrative Law
The Constitutional Basis for Criminal Law
Punishment versus Prevention
The Constitutional Provisions
The Special Stigma of Criminal Prosecution
Applying the Constitutional Protections
Specificity Requirements
Right to Counsel
Privilege against Self-Incrimination
Searches and Seizures
Standard of Proof
Double Jeopardy
Investigation of the Criminal Case
The Citizen’s Duty
Protecting Your Rights
Criminal Law in Health Care
Federal Fraud Prosecutions
The Prohibited Transactions
The History of Enforcement
The Constitutionality of the Laws
The Everyone-Does-It Defense
False Claims Act
Risk Management Issues
Waiving Deductibles and Copays as Fraud
Waiving Copays
Discounts
“No Charge”
“Kickbacks” and Inducements To Refer Patients
Penalties
Antitrust Laws
Market Share
State Action Immunity
The Federal Trade Commission
Technical Fraud: Rico Violations
Understanding RICO
Mail and Wire Fraud
Incentives and Commercial Bribery
The Pattern of Racketeering
Prosecuting a RICO Claim
The Federal Sentencing Guidelines and Compliance
Sentencing Implications for Health Care Practitioners
Abuse of Position of Trust or Use of Special Skill
Compliance Plans
Sentencing Guideline Standards for Compliance
Special Characteristics of the Organization
Considerations for Physicians
Implications for Health Care Practitioners
Responding to Government Investigations
References - Criminal Law in Health Care
The Litigation Process
Prefiling
Investigating the Criminal Case
Witness Statements
Search Warrants
Investigating the Private Civil Case
Preclaim Discovery
Statute of Limitations
Pretrial Settlements
Criminal Settlements
Civil Settlements
Pretrial
Pleadings
Service of Process
The Plaintiff’s Complaint
The Defendant’s Answer
Civil Discovery
Interrogatories
Requests for Admissions
Depositions by Written Questions
Oral Depositions
Requests for Production
Subpoenas
Subpoena Duces Tecum
Objecting to Civil Discovery
Criminal Discovery
Which Cases Go To Trial?
Why Settle before Trial?
Incentives against Settlement
Delays in Getting to Trial
Admitting Evidence
Protecting the Jury
Invoking the “Rule”
Cross-Examination
The Hearsay Rule
Business Records Exception to Hearsay
Entry in the Regular Course of Business
Personal Knowledge
Timely Entry in the Usual Course of Business
Standard Recordkeeping Procedure
Fact Witnesses
Expert Witnesses
Evaluating Expert Witnesses
The Frye Rule
The Daubert Case
The Daubert Test
Kumho Tire: Applying Daubert to Experts
Qualifying a Medical Standards Expert Witness
Guidelines for Expert Witness Testimony in Medical Liability Cases
Expert Witness References
Posttrial
The Cost of Litigation
Contingent Fees
Problems with Contingent Fees
Costs in Other Countries
Emotional Risks of a Trial
Attacking the Defendant
Surviving a Trial
Administrative Law Primer
Establishing Agencies
The Delegation Problem
Enabling Legislation
Political Control over Agencies
Executive Branch Supervision
Congressional Supervision
State and Local Control
Agency Procedure
Agency Expertise
Inquisitorial versus Adversarial
Formal Agency Action
The Goldberg Rights
The ALJ’s Decision
Informal Agency Action
Rule Making
Notice-and-Comment Rule Making
Informal Rule Making
Enforcement
Permits, Licenses, and Registrations
Administrative Orders and Civil Penalties
Injunctions and Seizures
Administrative Searches Under the Constitution
Judicial Review of Agency Actions
Exhaustion of Remedies
Standard of Review
Agency Interpretation of Law
Scientific or Technical Expertise
References - Administrative Law
Working With Lawyers
Legal Relationships
The State
Patients
Other Practitioners
Physician-Owned Businesses
Corporate Employers and Institutions
Clash Of Cultures
Paternalism in Medicine
Attorneys and Autonomy
Legal Education
The Limitations of Legal Education
Pitfalls in On-the-Job Legal Education
Choosing an Attorney
How to Approach the Law and Lawyers
Preventive Law
The Hazards of Ignoring Legal Risks
Conflicts of Interest
Doing Business with Your Clients
Conflicts with Other Clients
Medical Malpractice Defense
In-House Counsel
Paying for Legal Services
Legal Bills
Chronological Billing
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
Legal Practice Styles
Being an Effective Client
Preventive Law and Compliance
Undetected Legal Problems
Legally Risky Situations
Potential Future Risks
Remedying Problems
Confidentiality and Legal Privilege
Attorney Independence
Attorney–Client Privilege
Attorney Work Product Doctrine
Attorney as Witness
Protecting Investigations
Preserving Physical Evidence
Conclusions
References - Lawyering
The Physician–Patient Relationship
Managed Care and the Professional Relationship
Establishing the Relationship
Explicitly Accepting the Patient
Exercising Independent Medical Judgment
Telephone Calls
Private Office Walk-In Patients
Informal Consultations
Financial Considerations
Assisting at Accidents
Good Samaritan Laws
Emergency Care in the Office
Referral and Consultation
Obtaining a Consultation
Requesting a Consultation
Patient Choice
Using Consultants Properly
Documenting a Consultation
Referral
Duty To Refer
Duty To Refer to a Nonphysician
Referring to Institutions
The Duty To Find Care
Continuing Care
Liability for Improperly Managed Referrals
Being a Consultant
The Consultant–Patient Relationship
Tests and Procedures
Informing the Patient
Recordkeeping
Public Duties
Institutional Consultants
Radiology
Pathologists
Cardiology
Limited Duty Relationships
Specialty Care
The Treating Specialist
Occupational Physician–Patient Relationship
Contractual and Statutory Duties to Treat
Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act
Americans with Disabilities Act
MCOs
Expectation of Continued Treatment
Terminating the Relationship
Abandoning Patients
Patient-Initiated Terminations
Physician-Initiated Termination of Care
Documenting the Termination
Telemedicine and Internet Medicine
Traditional Electronic Physician–Patient Relationships
Licensure Issues
Interstate Enforcement Issues
Trade Regulation Issues
Practicing Telemedicine
The Telemedicine Physician–Patient Relationship
Being the Local Contact
Being the Remote Consultant
Emergency Care and EMTALA
Examination and Treatment for Emergency Medical Conditions and Women in Labor
Special Responsibilities of Medicare Hospitals in Emergency Cases
References - Physician Patient Relationship
General
Telemedicine
Consent to Medical Treatment
Battery—No Consent
Exceptions to the Requirement for Consent
The Emergency Exception
When Does the Emergency Exception Apply?
Children in the Emergency Room
Refusal of Care
Legally Mandated Treatment
The Therapeutic Exception
Informed Consent
Social Trends behind Informed Consent
Technology-Oriented Medicine
The Demise of Paternalism
Changing Values
Legal Standards for Informed Consent
Who Must Get Consent?
The Community Standard
Fraud in Consent
The Uncertainty of the Community Standard
Reasonable-Person Standard
Alternative Treatments
Statutory Disclosure Standards
Fraud
The Commonsense Approach
Knowable Risks
Unknowable Risks
Voluntariness
Public Policy
Medically Unnecessary Procedures
Duty to Inform of HIV
Professional Standard
Reasonable-Patient Standard
The Medical Value of Informed Consent
The Patient’s Expectations
Conflicts of Interest and Informed Consent
Financial Conflicts of Interest
Treating Family Members
Hospitals
Laboratories
Sexual Relationships with Patients
Consent for Minors
Documenting Who Can Consent for Your Patients
Special Circumstances
Guardians
Conflict between Parents
Conflicts between Parents and Children
Statutory Right To Treat Minors
Emancipated Minors
Interests of the Child versus the Parents
Religious Objections to Medical Care
Specific Types of Care
Consent for Medical Research
International Codes
The Nuremberg Code
World Medical Association
Consent under the International Codes
HHS Regulations on Protecting Human Subjects
General Requirements for Informed Consent [45 C.F.R. § 46.116 (1998).]
Documenting Consent
The Form of the Documentation
Blanket Consent Forms
Treatment-Specific Consent Forms
Patient-Specific Consent Forms
Non-English Speakers
Illiterate Patients
Documenting the Oral Consent
Proxy Consent
Power of Attorney To Consent to Medical Care
Conflicts of Interest
Limitations
Guardianships
Establishing the Authority of a Guardian
Emergency Guardianships
Minors
Adults
The Interim until the Judge Rules
Refusal of Care and Termination of Life Support
Who Are the Stakeholders?
Patients’ Interests
Physicians’ Interests
Hospitals
Families
Society’s Interests
The Cruzan Case
The Missouri Supreme Court Ruling
The U.S. Supreme Court’s Ruling
The Persistent Vegetative State
Living with Cruzan
Formalizing the Patient’s Wishes
The Duty To Counsel
Complying with a Patient’s Refusal of Care
The Role of Courts
Following the Patient’s Wishes
Judicial Intervention
The Simple Cases
Living Wills in the Emergency Room
The Impact of Cruzan
The Drawbacks of Substituted Consent
The Problem of Relatives
Assisted Suicide
History of Suicide Law
Physician-Assisted Suicide as a Constitutional Right
Right to Pain Relief
References - Consent
General Consent Issues
Impaired or Mentally Ill Patients
Research
Exhibit 9–1 World Medical Association Recommendations For Clinical Research
I. Basic Principles
II. Clinical Research Combined with Professional Care
III. Nontherapeutic Clinical Research
Medical Privacy
Why are People Worried about Medical Privacy?
A Historical Perspective
Why Have Medical Records Changed?
What is in the Medical Record?
Why are People Worried about Medical Privacy?
Controlling Access to Your Medical Records
HIPAA Regulations for Medical Care
What is a Covered Entity?
What is PHI?
Authorization to Release PHI
HIPAA Release Form
Subsequent Use of PHI
Preventing Unauthorized Release
When Can PHI Be Released without Authorization?
Limits on What Information is Released
Patient Access to their own PHI
Privacy Issues in Medical Research
Access to Databases for Research
HIPAA Data Use Agreement
Access to Patient Records without Authorization
Standards for Access without Autorization
Issues Raised by Unauthorized Access
Designing Research Studies
Conclusions
Medical Records
Legal Uses of Medical Records
Medical Malpractice Litigation
Medical Records as a Plaintiff’s Weapon
Defensible Records
Administrative Review of Records
Criminal Discovery
Quality Assurance and Accreditation Review of Records
Medical Office and Clinic Records
Basic Patient Information
Team and Managed Care
Maintaining the Records
Readability
Altered Records
Protecting Records
Retention of Records
Statutory Requirements on Recordkeeping
Destroying Records
Telephone Encounters
Off-Chart Records
Selling Medical Records
Pediatric Records
Acute Illness Observation Scale
Recording Physical Growth and Development
Recording Neuromuscular Development
Hospital Medical Records
Electronic Medical Records
References - Medical Records
Exhibit 7–1 P.L. Mccarthy’s Technique For Evaluating Pediatric Patients
Team Care and Managed Care
The Changing Nature Of Physicians’ Practices
Corporate Practice of Medicine
The Rise of MCOs
The Structure of MCOs
The Controlling Entity
Relationships with Physicians
Additional Contractual Terms
How Do They Reduce Costs?
Fiduciary Duty
Physicians as Fiduciaries
Training and Licensure
Market Factors
Duties of a Fiduciary
Legal Risks
ERISA Health Plans
ERISA Preemption
Hidden Incentives
Preemption of Claims
The Shea Case
Team Care Issues
Vicarious Liability
Method of Payment
Control
Scope of Employment
Intentional Acts
Hospital Employees
Delegation of Authority
Explicit Delegation of Authority
Implicit Delegation of Authority
Triage
Evaluation of Medical Tests
Supervising NPPS
Scope of Practice
Documentation
Quality Assurance
Drug Laws
Protocols
Physician Protocols
Teaching Protocols
Physician’s Orders
NPP Protocols: Strict Protocols
Sample Protocol
Diagnostic Criteria
Examination/Laboratory
Treatment
Follow-Up
Referral
Epidemiology
Notes
Supervising Medical Students and Residents
Patients’ Rights
Faculty Physicians
Fraud
Medical Students, Residents, and Fellows
Residents and Fellows
Medical Students
Nursing and Other Students
The Reality of Teaching Programs
Importance of the Law
Working with a Teaching Program
Maintaining Supervision
The Physician–Student Relationship
Fraud
Medical Director’s Liability
Dual Capacity Doctrine
Medical Licensing Issues
Business Risks in Dealing with MCOS
Deselection from the MCO
Shifting Insurance Risks
Capitation Agreements
Indemnification Agreements
Malpractice Insurance Considerations
Antitrust Issues in Managed Care
References - Team Care
Managed Care
Teaching And Supervision
Peer Review and Deselection
Peer Review
Medical Staff Committees
The Legal Status of Medical Staff Committees
Legal Climate for Peer Review
State Law Violations
Federal Law Violations
Due Process Violations
The Federal Peer Review Law
Provisions of the Act
Protection from Liability
Standards for Professional Review Actions
Definition of Acceptable “Professional Review Action”
Limitations of the Act
Adequate Notice and Hearing
Notice of a Right to a Hearing
Notice of the Nature of the Hearing
Economic Competition
Rights in the Hearing
Rights at the Completion of the Hearing
Emergency Procedures
Duty of Hospitals To Obtain Information
Access to Information
Disclosure and Correction of Information
Confidentiality of Information
National Practitioner Data Bank
Reporting by Boards of Medical Examiners
Reporting by Health Care Entities
Form of Reporting
Protection for Persons Providing Information
Definitions and Reports (Sec. 11151)
Attorney’s Fees
Good Faith or Objective Standard?
Potential Adverse Impacts
The Problem of Bias
Conducting the Review
Documenting the Peer Review Process
Deselection
MCO Physician Market Strategy
Due Process and HCQIA
Public Policy Claims
References - Peer Review
Public Health and Communicable Disease Control
Disease Control
Disease Control and the Individual
Epidemics and Plagues
Carrier State
Disease Control and the Physician–Patient Relationship
Reportable Diseases
Complying with Reporting Duties
Warning Third Parties
Coercive Measures
Involuntary Testing
Contact Tracing
Mandated Treatment
Quarantine and Isolation
Using Isolation and Quarantine
HIV/AIDS
History
Hepatitis B in the Bathhouses
How Infectious Diseases Emerge
Initial Concentration in the Gay Community
Parallels with Other Diseases
Disease Control for HIV
Immunizations
Herd Immunity and Community Health
Compulsory Immunization
Consent for Immunizations
Medical Exemptions
The Vaccine Compensation Act
Recording Duties
Reporting Duties
Attorney’s Duty
Vital Statistics
Birth Certificates
Naming the Child
Stillbirths
Death Certificates
Declaration of Death
Coroner Cases and Autopsies
Disease Registries
Law Enforcement Reporting
Child Abuse
Child Neglect
Defending the Child
Dangerousness Due to Mental Illness
Elder and Spousal Abuse
Violent Injuries
Intoxications
Dealing with Peace Officers
The Role of Community Physicians in Public Health
References - Public Health
Disease Control
Law Enforcement Reporting
Environmental Health
Federal Environmental Law
Fluoridation of Water
The Fluoridation Controversy
Model Brief Supporting the Fluoridation of Water
Fluoridation is a Proper Use of the Police Power
Fluoridation is Rationally Related to Protecting the Public's Health
The Fluoridation Plan
The State May Act to Prevent Chronic Diseases
Fluoridation is not Compelled Medication
Fluoridation Benefits all Members of the Community
Fluoridation does not Harm Individual Health
Other Arguments Against Fluoridation
Conclusion
Table of Authorities
Support by Professional Organizations
Food Sanitation
Family Planning, Adoption, and Surrogacy
Ethical Dilemmas in Family Planning
Balancing the Health Care Practitioner’s and the Patient’s Rights
Contractual Limitations on Refusing To Provide Care
Consent for Reproductive Care
Taking a Sexual History
Contraception
Balancing the Risk of Pregnancy
Legally Mandated Warnings for Oral Contraceptives
Implantable Contraceptives
Natural Family Planning
HIV Infection and AIDS
Minors’ Access to Contraception
Medical Issues in Contraception for Minors
Sterilization
Determining Which Partner To Sterilize
The Childless Patient
Sterilizing Minors and Incompetents
Federal Law Requirements
Informed Consent
Required Consent Form
Required Signatures
Required Certifications
Abortion
The Politics of Abortion
The Problem of Privacy
Protecting Personal Beliefs
Limiting Governmental Support
Consent to Abortion
Informing the Patient
Adoption Alternatives
Time Constraints
The Changing Nature of Abortion
Adoption And Parental Rights
Parental Rights
The Presumption of Legitimacy
Biological Fathers and Legitimization
Termination of Parental Rights
Adoption
Risks to Health Care Practitioners
Matchmaking
Evaluating Potential Adoptive Children
Access to Adoption-Related Records
Surrogate Parenthood
Davis v. Davis—The Tennessee Appeals Court Decision
Davis v. Davis—The Tennessee Supreme Court Decision
Conclusion
In the Matter of Baby M
Facts
Invalidity and Unenforceability of Surrogacy Contract
A. Conflict with Statutory Provisions
B. Public Policy Considerations
References - Family Planning
Adoption
Family Planning and Abortion
Surrogacy
Obstetrics
Genetic Counseling
Medical Risks
Screening for Neural Tube Defects as a Model
MSAFP and Down Syndrome
The Genetic History
Information about Specific Diseases
Patient Characteristics
Risks of the Diagnostic Procedures
Reliability of Testing
Time Limitations
Social Considerations
Am I the Baby’s Father?
Can I Have a Healthy Baby with Someone Else?
Should We Get Married?
Should We Get Divorced?
What Should I Tell My Family?
Recordkeeping for Genetic Counseling
Fertility Treatment
Patient Privacy
Fitness
Medical Fitness
Psychiatric Problems
Prospects for Successful Treatment
Dealing with Multiple Gestation
Artificial Insemination
Consent
Choosing a Donor
The Husband as Donor
Related Donors
Unrelated Donors
Genetic Disease
Infection Control
Unmarried Couples
A Structured Approach to Obstetric Care
Zero-Defects Management
Legal and Ethical Benefits of Structured Care
Thinking Like a Plaintiff’s Attorney
The Birth Plan
Purpose of a Birth Plan
Contraindications
Authority To Consent
Participation of Others
Risk-Benefit Analysis
The Patient’s Interests
Risks to the Baby
Emergencies
Availability of Facilities and Personnel
Custom versus Fashion
Evaluating The Mother’s Medical Condition
Maternal Disease
Legally Mandated Testing
Medical Interventions
Past-Term Pregnancies
Cesarean Sections
Home Deliveries
The Politics of Home Deliveries
Participating in Home Deliveries
Working with Midwives
Classes of Midwives
Referrals and Consultations
Behavioral Risks in Pregnancy
The American Medical Association Policy Statement
Implications of the AMA Policy
Consent in High-Risk Pregnancies
The Self-Destructive Pregnant Woman
Obstetrics Risk Management
Preconception versus Postconception Remedies
Patients’ Views about Abortion
Creating Unreasonable Expectations
The Birth-Injured Infant
References - Obstetrics
Fertility Treatment
Genetic Counseling
General Obstetrics
Occupational Medicine and Disability Law
Legal And Ethical Problems in Occupational Medicine
Return to Work Certifications
Release from Work Certifications
Workers’ Compensation
The Payment System
Work Relatedness
Emergency Treatment
Reporting
Records
Dealing With OSHA
Employee Medical Information
Defining OSHA-Regulated Occupational Medicine
Employee Medical Records
Authorization To Release Covered Records
Physical Access to Records
Limitations on Access to Medical Records
Preservation of Records
OSHA 300 Log
Recordable Injuries
Material Safety Data Sheets
Trade Secrets
Drug Testing
Occupational Medicine for Health Care Organizations
The Americans With Disabilities Act
Findings and Purpose
(a) Findings
(b) Purpose
Predecessor Legislation
ADA-Defined Disability
Exemptions
What Is a Major Life Activity?
The Majority Opinion
The Dissent on Major Life Activity
Unanswered Questions
Preemployment Medical Examinations
Allowable Examinations
Preemployment Examination Records
New Duties for Occupational Medicine Physicians
Persons with Known Disabilities
Collective Bargaining and the ADA
Direct Threats to Health and Safety
The Legal Risks of the Ada
Drug and Alcohol Testing under the ADA
Pregnant Workers under the ADA
Disability Insurance Evaluations
Social Security Disability
SSA Disability or SSI
How To Qualify
Listing of Impairments
Residual Functional Capacity
Other Program Requirements
Social Factors
Medicare and Medicaid
Private Disability Insurance
Determining Disability: Workers’ Compensation Versus ADA
Communicable Diseases In The Workplace
The Increase of Communicable Diseases in the Workplace
Immunizations and Antibiotic Misuse
Immunosuppression
The Legal Risks of Communicable Diseases
Third-Party Liability
Productivity
Communicable Diseases as a Handicap or Disability
Additional Requirements of the ADA
The Elements of a Communicable Disease Policy
Nature of the Risk
Methods of Transmission
Airborne
Fomites
Foodborne
Insect Vectors
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Bloodborne
Direct Contact
Duration of the Risk
Severity
Probability of Transmission and Complications
Federal and State Requirements
Identifying Employees at Risk or Who Pose Risks
The Special Problems of Immunosuppression
Bloodborne Pathogens
Health Care Organizations
The Reach of the Regulations
Tuberculosis Control
References - Occupational Medicine
Health Care Organizations
Americans with Disabilities Act
General Occupational Medicine
Institutional Medicine
The Prison Doctor
Prison Medical Care
Physician–Prisoner Relationship
Right To Refuse Medical Care
Emergency Medical Care
Experimentation
Public Health and Safety in Prisons
Disease Control in Prisons
The Physician’s Obligations to the Jailers
The Team Doctor
The Physician–Player Relationship
Team versus Player
The Child Athlete
Supervision of Nonphysician Personnel
Performance Enhancement
Engineering People
Screening for Participation
The School Doctor
Supervisory Responsibilities
School Clinics
Consent to Care
Medicines at School
Athletics
Medical and Public Health Responsibilities
Screening
Handicapped Children
College Health Programs
Comprehensive Care
References - Institutional Medicine
Schools
Teams
Prisons
Glossary
About
Title
Public Health Law Map - Beta 5.7
Subject
-
Company
-
Author
Mindjet
Version
315
Comments
The Mindjet MindManager 8 default map template.