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 1. Adjudication, Formal 
 2. Adjudication, Informal 
 3. Advice, Information 
 4. ADR 
 5. Agency Head 
 6. ALJ 
 7. Bias 
 8. Decisionmaking 
 9. Discretion 
 10. Due Process 
 11. Emergency Decisionmaking 
 12. Evidence 
 13. Hearing Alternatives and Types 
 14. Investigation 
 15. Judicial Review 
 16. Rulemaking 
13. Hearing Alternatives and Types
apa hearings
The APAs usually set forth the requirements for informal or notice and comment rulemaking and formal adjudication hearings.  Some, like the Model State APA may describe several types of adjudication.  Other types of agency action may be included in the judicial review provisions, but not described in the procedural sections.
due process hearings
The federal case of Matthews v Eldridge is the seminal minimal due process case that identifies a balance of several factors as an aid of determining the specific procedures to be used under due process.  Critical concerns include whether cross examination is required and whether oral presentations are required.  There is no single type of procedure that covers all due process situations.
paper or oral
Informal adjudication and other hearing decisionmaking processes may be found in the agency's organic statute, either directly or by implication.  These procedures may involve some form of oral presentation, but they may also be limited to the exchanges on paper.  Due process requirements do not necessarily demand an oral hearing.  The APAs often give the agency discretion in rulemaking on whether oral or paper hearings can be used.  Formal adjudication usually provides for some oral presentations, but much of the evidence can be required to be submitted in a nonmoral manner.
site visit
Site visits may be used in agency decisionmaking.  They substitute for a portion of a formal or informal hearing process.  Where a full record is required, the results of the site visit must be preserved in the record in some form for possible agency and judicial review.
telephone hearing
Telephone hearings may be used in a variety of situations where they are authorized.  The telephone hearing will remove the element of visual demeanor credibility, but voice tones and changes can be monitored.  The fact that a telephone hearing prevents personal confrontation does not necessarily offend due process.  Paper documents can be distributed in advance by mail or fax.
testing
Testing may substitute for a hearing in a variety of circumstances.  For example, steam boiler testing is often mandated by statutes as being superior to oral hearings on the issue of safety.
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