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| [1] | UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT |
| [2] | No. 99-1491 |
| [3] | 2000.C06.0042256 <http://www.versuslaw.com> |
| [4] | July 31, 2000 |
| [5] | SUSAN L. HOSKINS, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT, V. OAKLAND COUNTY SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT, AND THE COUNTY OF OAKLAND, DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES. |
| [6] | Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District
of Michigan at Flint. No. 98-40213--Paul V. Gadola, District Judge. |
| [7] | Counsel Argued: Joseph C. Bird, Stark, Reagan & Finnerty, Troy, Michigan,
for Appellant. Rick J. Patterson, Potter, Carniak, Anderson & DeAGOSTINO,
Auburn Hills, Michigan, for Appellees. ON Brief: Joseph C. Bird, Jeffrey
J. Fleury, Stark, Reagan & Finnerty, Troy, Michigan, for Appellant.
Rick J. Patterson, Potter, Carniak, Anderson & DeAGOSTINO, Auburn Hills,
Michigan, for Appellees. |
| [8] | Before: Jones, Moore, and Gilman, Circuit Judges. |
| [9] | The opinion of the court was delivered by: Karen Nelson Moore, Circuit
Judge. |
| [10] | RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION |
| [11] | Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206 |
| [12] | File Name: 00a0255p.06 |
| [13] | Argued: June 15, 2000 |
| [14] | OPINION |
| [15] | Plaintiff-appellant Susan L. Hoskins, who was a deputy with the Oakland
County Sheriff's Department, was fired after she suffered an injury that
rendered her unable to restrain inmates. She brought suit against the Sheriff's
Department and the County of Oakland (hereinafter referred to collectively
as "defendants"), asserting claims under both the Americans with
Disabilities Act and Title VII. The district court granted summary judgment
to the defendants, and for the following reasons we AFFIRM. |
| [16] | I. BACKGROUND |
| [17] | Susan Hoskins worked for the Oakland County Sheriff's Department ("OCSD")
from 1979 until her termination in 1997. She began her career as a dispatcher
at the Oakland County Jail. In 1982, Hoskins successfully tested for the
position of deputy sheriff, level one ("deputy one"). Hoskins's
original placement as a deputy one was in the women's division at the Oakland
County Jail. In 1987, Hoskins was assigned to Oakland County Circuit Court
detention, where her duties included transporting prisoners from the jail
to detention. From 1993 until her termination in 1997, Hoskins was assigned
to the Novi District Court, a position that also involved the transportation
of inmates. Hoskins's positions at both the circuit and district courts
involved daily contact with prisoners and the potential for physical confrontation. |
| [18] | On August 25, 1996, Hoskins suffered severe non-work-related injuries
when a horse fell on her. Hoskins's primary care physician, Dr. E. Patrick
Mitchell, indicated that Hoskins's injuries included a "non-displaced
fracture of the inferior and superior pubic ramus on the left and fractured
bilateral clavicles." Joint Appendix ("J.A.") at 122 (Mitchell
Letter). As a result of these multiple injuries, Hoskins was hospitalized
for two and a half weeks and underwent a recuperation period of a year and
a half. Hoskins was treated by two different doctors and obtained letters
restricting her activity from both. On July 11, 1997, Dr. William Bria,
a pulmonary specialist, wrote a letter stating that Hoskins "is able
to return to work, however, she should not be lifting or engaging in any
activity that would jar her chest, such as shooting a shotgun or getting
into a situation in which she could get hit in the chest." J.A. at
121 (Bria Letter). On July 18, Dr. Mitchell attached a disability certificate
to Dr. Bria's letter; the certificate indicated that Hoskins was restricted
to light work duties that did not impact her anterior chest or shoulders.
Dr. Mitchell also wrote a letter on September 29, 1997 that stated: |
| [19] | [Hoskins] has restrictions of no lifting, pushing or pulling over 20 pounds,
no use of shotgun and no restraining of inmates. She still experiences pain
and decreased range of motion. She has severe limitation of her functional
capacity and needs a sedentary position. Her motivation and rehabilitation
potential is excellent. Her prognosis is guarded. |
| [20] | I do not believe that Susan will ever be able to resume full duty as a
Deputy with Oakland County Sheriff's Department. She will probably need
permanent restrictions of certain activities which would be considered duties
of a Deputy Sheriff. J.A. at 122 (Mitchell Letter). |
| [21] | After receiving Dr. Bria's July 11 letter with the attached disability
certificate, Hoskins took them to Carol VanLeuven, an employee records specialist
for the County. Although Hoskins expressed a desire to return to work, VanLeuven
told her that she could not because no light duty positions were available.
The County then conducted a pre-termination hearing on November 7, 1997.
At the hearing, Major Thomas Quisenberry, the Chief of Staff at OCSD, indicated
that Hoskins was being terminated because her work restrictions were incompatible
with the duties of a deputy one. Hoskins was asked if she was interested
in a job as a dispatcher or a booking clerk -- jobs that did not require
inmate contact but that also involved a significant pay cut -- and she replied
that she was not interested. Hoskins stated, "Basically I'd rather
just be a Deputy." J.A. at 130. After the hearing, the hearing officer
issued a decision affirming Hoskins's termination. |
| [22] | On June 16, 1998, Hoskins filed suit in the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Michigan, asserting claims under both the Americans
with Disabilities Act ("ADA"), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., and
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. On
March 26, 1999, the district court granted the defendants' motion for summary
judgment. The district court dismissed Hoskins's ADA claim on the basis
that she failed to establish that she had a disability within the meaning
of the Act. Alternatively, the district court reasoned that Hoskins had
not satisfied the second element of her prima facie case because she had
not established that she was qualified to perform the essential functions
of the job with reasonable accommodation. Hoskins also brought a disparate
treatment claim under Title VII, alleging that OCSD had provided male deputies
the opportunity to work in light duty deputy positions following disabling
injuries. The district court dismissed this claim on the basis that Hoskins
had not established a prima facie case of gender discrimination. Hoskins
timely appealed the district court's judgment. |
| [23] | II. ANALYSIS |
| [24] | We review de novo a district court's grant of summary judgment. See Ercegovich
v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 154 F.3d 344, 349 (6th Cir. 1998). Summary
judgment is proper only when there is no dispute as to a material question
of fact and one party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. See
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). Viewing all facts and inferences drawn therefrom
in the light most favorable to the non-movant, we must determine whether
the evidence presented is such that a reasonable jury could find for that
party. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574,
587 (1986). |
| [25] | A. ADA Claim |
| [26] | The ADA prohibits covered employers from discriminating "against
a qualified individual with a disability because of the disability of such
individual in regard to job application procedures, the hiring, advancement,
or discharge of employees, employee compensation, job training, and other
terms, conditions, and privileges of employment." 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a).
Under the ADA, discrimination includes "not making reasonable accommodations
to the known physical or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified individual
with a disability who is an applicant or employee, unless such covered entity
can demonstrate that the accommodation would impose an undue hardship on
the operation of the business of such covered entity." 42 U.S.C. §
12112(b)(5)(A). A "qualified individual with a disability" is
defined as "an individual with a disability who, with or without reasonable
accommodation, can perform the essential functions of the employment position
that such individual holds or desires." 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8). |
| [27] | In the instant case, it is undisputed that Hoskins was fired because of
her inability to restrain inmates. "[W]hen an employer admits that
it relied upon a disability in making an adverse employment decision, an
employee may establish a prima facie case of employment discrimination under
the ADA by showing that he or she (1) has a disability, and (2) is 'otherwise
qualified' for the position despite the disability either '(a) without accommodation
from the employer; (b) with an alleged 'essential' job requirement eliminated;
or (c) with a proposed reasonable accommodation.'" Hamlin v. Charter
Township of Flint, 165 F.3d 426, 429 (6th Cir. 1999) (quoting Monette v.
Electronic Data Sys. Corp., 90 F.3d 1173, 1186 (6th Cir. 1996)). After the
employee has made this showing, "[t]he employer will bear the burden
of proving that a challenged job criterion is essential, and therefore a
business necessity, or that a proposed accommodation will impose an undue
hardship upon the employer." Monette, 90 F.3d at 1186. |
| [28] | 1. Whether Hoskins is Disabled Within the Meaning of the ADA |
| [29] | The district court determined, based upon Hoskins's own testimony, that
she did not establish that she was disabled within the meaning of the ADA.
The statute defines "disability" as "(A) a physical or mental
impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities
of such individual; (B) a record of such an impairment; or (C) being regarded
as having such an impairment." 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2). It is uncontested
that Hoskins has a physical impairment, as her condition affects both her
musculoskeletal and respiratory systems. See 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(h)(1) (1999).*fn1
Additionally, Hoskins's disability affects several of her major life activities,
including breathing, moving, performing manual tasks such as doing laundry,
and working. See 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(i) (defining major life activities as
"functions such as caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, walking,
seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, learning, and working"). |
| [30] | The question is whether Hoskins's disability "substantially limits"
any of these major life activities. The regulations provide that substantially
limits means "(i) Unable to perform a major life activity that the
average person in the general population can perform; or (ii) Significantly
restricted as to the condition, manner or duration under which an individual
can perform a particular major life activity as compared to the condition,
manner, or duration under which the average person in the general population
can perform that same major life activity." 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(1).
The regulations further provide a list of factors to be considered in determining
whether an individual meets this definition: "(i) The nature and severity
of the impairment; (ii) The duration or expected duration of the impairment;
and (iii) The permanent or long term impact, or the expected permanent or
long term impact of or resulting from the impairment." 29 C.F.R. §
1630.2(j)(2). |
| [31] | The district court relied on Hoskins's own testimony to conclude that
her impairment does not substantially limit any major life activities. Hoskins
testified: "I have to be careful the way I move at times. It hurts
to cough, sneeze, if I breathe the wrong way. But I learned just to kind
of ignore it or -- I just be careful with the way I do things." J.A.
at 203 (Hoskins Dep.). Hoskins also testified that in her daily activities
such as doing laundry, she sometimes feels pain that causes her to stop
doing that activity. However, Hoskins indicated that she does not let her
impairments stop her from doing anything and that she "attempt[s] to
do everything." J.A. at 203 (Hoskins Dep.). The district court quoted
the following passage from Hoskins's testimony, finding it "especially
significant": |
| [32] | Q:Would it be a fair statement that you have learned some behavior that
allows you to avoid discomfort [in the chest area] by avoiding certain activities? |
| [33] | A: No, not avoiding certain activities. |
| [34] | Q: Just the way you do them? |
| [35] | A: Yes. A little bit more careful. J.A. at 32 (D. Ct. Op.). |
| [36] | We believe that the district court employed an exceedingly narrow interpretation
of "substantially limits." Of course, in determining whether a
disability substantially limits a major life activity, the Supreme Court
has instructed that courts are to consider natural adoptive measures that
mitigate the disability. See Albertson's, Inc. v. Kirkingburg, 527 U.S.
555, 565-66 (1999). However, under the reasoning of the district court,
an individual would be disabled within the meaning of the ADA only if she
can show that she has avoided certain major life activities as a result
of her impairment. This is not the law; as the applicable regulations instruct,
an individual is substantially limited if she is able to perform a major
life activity but is "[s]ignificantly restricted as to the condition,
manner or duration" under which she can perform that activity. 29 C.F.R.
§ 1630.2(j)(1)(ii). We conclude that Hoskins has raised a genuine issue
of material fact regarding whether her impairment substantially limits the
major life activities of breathing, moving, and performing manual tasks
such as doing laundry.*fn2
According to Hoskins's testimony, both the manner and duration under which
she can perform these major life activities are significantly restricted.
She testified that after her accident, she must now be careful about the
way that she moves. Although she "attempt[s] to do everything,"
she must sometimes cease for a time performing daily activities because
of the pain. J.A. at 203 (Hoskins Dep.). The duration of Hoskins's impairment
is likely permanent. In support of their position, the defendants cite Kocsis
v. Multi-Care Management, Inc., 97 F.3d 876 (6th Cir. 1996), a case in which
this court concluded, based upon the plaintiff's own admissions, that her
multiple sclerosis did not substantially limit any of her major life activities.
However, we find Kocsis inapposite because in that case, unlike in the instant
case, the plaintiff "testified in her deposition that none of her impairments
-- arthritis, MS, or any combination of health problems -- limited her activity
in any way." Id. at 884 (emphasis added). |
| [37] | 2.Whether Hoskins is "Otherwise Qualified" for the Position
of Deputy One |
| [38] | a. Essential Function |
| [39] | Hoskins contends that physical restraint of inmates is not an essential
function of the deputy one position. If physical restraint of inmates is
not an essential job function, then Hoskins meets the definition of a qualified
individual with a disability because the parties agree that she is fully
able to perform all functions of the deputy one position save this one.
Because Hoskins challenged this job criterion as unessential, the district
court properly placed the burden on the defendants to demonstrate that this
criterion is in fact a fundamental job duty. |
| [40] | "The term essential functions means the fundamental job duties of
the employment position the individual with a disability holds or desires,"
but it does not include only marginal functions. 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(n)(1).
In determining whether a particular function is essential, the regulations
instruct courts to consider the following list of factors, which is illustrative
rather than exhaustive: |
| [41] | (i) The employer's judgment as to which functions are essential; |
| [42] | (ii) Written job descriptions prepared before advertising or interviewing
applicants for the job; |
| [43] | (iii) The amount of time spent on the job performing the function; |
| [44] | (iv) The consequences of not requiring the incumbent to perform the function; |
| [45] | (v) The terms of a collective bargaining agreement; |
| [46] | (vi) The work experience of past incumbents in the job; and/or |
| [47] | (vii) The current work experience of incumbents in similar jobs. 29 C.F.R.
§ 1630.2(n)(3). |
| [48] | The inquiry into whether a function is essential is highly fact specific.
See Brickers v. Cleveland Bd. of Educ., 145 F.3d 846, 849 (6th Cir. 1998);
Hall v. United States Postal Serv., 857 F.2d 1073, 1079 (6th Cir. 1988)
("Such a determination should be based upon more than statements in
a job description and should reflect the actual functioning and circumstances
of the particular enterprise involved."). |
| [49] | In support of their position that physically restraining inmates is a
fundamental duty of a deputy one, the defendants submitted a written job
description as well as the testimony of Major Quisenberry. The general summary
of the job of deputy one reads, in pertinent part, as follows: |
| [50] | Under general supervision and as a Deputy Sheriff appointed by the Oakland
County Sheriff, performs duties within the corrections or on occasion road
patrol areas. As a Deputy I in the corrections area, performs routine security
and custody activities. Assists in maintaining and enforcing procedures
and regulations to ensure security is maintained at the jail and satellite
facilities. Distributes meals, bedding and supplies to inmates. Screens
visitors, issues passes and ensures visitation regulations are maintained.
Transports inmates to authorized facilities, ensuring that security procedures
are followed. Physically restrains individuals as necessary. May, at times,
perform certain Deputy II functions in limited instances. J.A. at 140. |
| [51] | The written description lists, as among the typical duties for a deputy
one within the corrections area: driving the transportation vehicle and
supervising the conduct of inmates during transportation to authorized facilities;
supervising inmates being held at the courthouse and awaiting court appearances;
guarding inmates during courtroom appearances to ensure that security is
maintained; supervising the activities of inmates assigned to all jail facilities;
searching inmates; and ensuring that security is maintained at jail facilities.
J.A. at 140-41. The defendants also presented the testimony of Major Quisenberry,
the Chief of Staff at OCSD, who stated that he believed physical restraint
of inmates to be a fundamental part of the job of deputy one. Major Quisenberry
explained: |
| [52] | The deputy one is the deputy that's the entry level position, and it's
the one person who has the closest individual contact with prisoners or
inmates in the Oakland County Jail. They're the first line-of-defense, I
suppose, with the prisoner, whether it be from the time they get up in the
morning with their feedings until they go to bed at night. It's generally
the deputy ones who have the day-to-day contact with prisoners. And the
opportunity and at times the necessity that they have to have physical contact
with those inmates I think falls within this physically restrain individuals
as necessary line that we're referring to. J.A. at 139. |
| [53] | In response to this showing, Hoskins first points out that deputy ones
rarely, if ever, are required physically to restrain inmates, thus suggesting
that the function is not essential. Hoskins presented testimony regarding
her own work experience; although she acknowledged that her job involved
the potential for physical confrontation with inmates on a daily basis,
Hoskins testified that in her entire career as a deputy one she had only
one physical altercation with an inmate. Hoskins also pointed to Major Quisenberry's
testimony that most of the time verbal orders to prisoners will suffice
to maintain security, so that physical confrontation is rare. Second, Hoskins
argues that the fact that no physical testing is required for the position
of deputy one indicates that physical restraint of inmates is unessential. |
| [54] | We conclude that the evidence presented by Hoskins is not sufficient to
create a material issue of fact on this issue. The summary judgment evidence
taken as a whole reveals that the deputy one position exists to supervise
inmates and to maintain security. Although a deputy one may be required
physically to restrain inmates only infrequently, the potential for physical
confrontation with inmates exists on a daily basis, and the consequence
of failing to require a deputy to perform this function when the occasion
arises could be a serious threat to security. See 29 C.F.R. pt. 1630, App.
§ 1630.2(n) ("The consequences of failing to require the employee to
perform the function may be another indicator of whether a particular function
is essential. For example, although a firefighter may not regularly have
to carry an unconscious adult out of a burning building, the consequence
of failing to require the firefighter to be able to perform this function
would be serious."); Brickers, 145 F.3d at 849-50 ("Although,
as Brickers has argued, it may be true that a[] [bus] attendant [on special
education buses transporting handicapped students] seldom, if ever, must
perform any lifting, the ability to lift would be crucial in an emergency
situation . . . ."). |
| [55] | Hoskins next cites Hamlin v. Charter Township of Flint, 165 F.3d 426 (6th
Cir. 1999), for the proposition that the mere potential that a deputy would
have to restrain an inmate is insufficient to render that job function essential.
In Hamlin, the plaintiff, who was an assistant fire chief, suffered a heart
attack and was authorized to return to work on condition that he not engage
in strenuous physical activities such as front-line firefighting. After
being fired because of his inability to engage in front-line firefighting,
the plaintiff brought suit and challenged this particular requirement as
unessential. The plaintiff presented proof "that the key functions
of his job [as assistant fire chief] were supervisory and administrative
in nature, as distinguished from those of a firefighter, which include 24-hour
shifts, being the primary responder to emergencies, and engaging in strenuous
front-line fire suppression, search, and rescue." Id. at 429. If the
assistant fire chief were ever needed at the scene of an emergency, the
plaintiff testified that his role would be supervisory rather than active
engagement in firefighting. We affirmed a jury verdict in favor of the plaintiff,
reasoning that the issue of whether front-line firefighting was an essential
function was properly submitted to the jury. The situation in Hamlin is
entirely different than the situation in the instant case, for the plaintiff
in Hamlin produced overwhelming evidence that firefighting was not an essential
function of his supervisory position. The quote on which Hoskins relies,
which indicates that an employer may not deny an employment opportunity
to a disabled individual based on a slightly increased risk, is taken from
the portion of the opinion dealing with the defendant's claim that the plaintiff
was not qualified because he posed a "direct threat" to the safety
of himself and others, an entirely different inquiry than the one before
us today. See id. at 432. |
| [56] | b. Reasonable Accommodation |
| [57] | Assuming that restraining inmates is an essential function of the deputy
one position, Hoskins next proposes several accommodations that she contends
would permit her to perform the essential functions. Reasonable accommodation
may include "job restructuring, part-time or modified work schedules,
reassignment to a vacant position, acquisition or modification of equipment
or devices, appropriate adjustment or modifications of examinations, training
materials or policies, the provision of qualified readers or interpreters,
and other similar accommodations for individuals with disabilities."
42 U.S.C. § 12111(9)(B).*fn3
We have explained: "When the employee seeks a reasonable accommodation,
she must establish that a 'reasonable' accommodation is possible, and bears
a traditional burden of proof that she is qualified for the position with
such reasonable accommodation. If the plaintiff establishes that a reasonable
accommodation is possible, the employer bears the burden of proving that
such reasonable accommodation would impose an undue hardship." Monette,
90 F.3d at 1186 n.12. |
| [58] | Hoskins first contends that she can perform the function of restraining
inmates with the assistance of others. She explains that it is OCSD's policy
that deputies call for assistance when attempting to restrain an inmate,
and she reasons that "[i]f it is department policy that multiple deputies
are to be used when attempting to physically restrain an inmate, then it
is not unreasonable for Defendants to provide this same accommodation to
Plaintiff on a more permanent basis." Appellant's Br. at 29. However,
the ADA does not require employers to accommodate individuals by shifting
an essential job function onto others. See, e.g., Bratten v. SSI Servs.,
Inc., 185 F.3d 625, 632 (6th Cir. 1999) ("The only possible accommodation
[the plaintiff] identifies is allowing co-workers to perform as much as
20% of the essential automotive mechanic duties for Bratten when he needs
such assistance. . . . Continuing the practice of 'assisting' Bratten in
tasks on an ad hoc basis may be sound labor relations policy for defendants,
as we can imagine that such circumstances could promote employee loyalty
and teamwork. However, employers are not required to do so under the ADA.");
see also 29 C.F.R. pt. 1630, App. § 1630(o) ("An employer or other
covered entity is not required to reallocate essential functions."). |
| [59] | Hoskins next argues that the defendants failed to accommodate her by reassigning
her to a different position. Hoskins identifies several positions that are
equivalent to her old position, but that do not require the restraint of
inmates. The first position identified by Hoskins is the intake position
at the new commerce substation, which requires answering phones and taking
walk-in reports from the general public. It is well established, however,
that an employer is not obligated to create a position not then in existence.
See, e.g., Cassidy v. Detroit Edison Co., 138 F.3d 629, 634 (6th Cir. 1998).
The commerce substation position did not exist during the time in which
the defendants attempted to find a suitable assignment for Hoskins (fall
of 1997), or at the time she was fired on November 7, 1997. Indeed, Hoskins
was deposed on December 11, 1998, and at that time she stated that the commerce
substation position had just been created and was to start on January 1,
1999. Although an employer may be required to reassign an individual to
a position that is currently unavailable but that will become vacant within
a reasonable amount of time, in the instant case the new position was created
well over a year after OCSD became aware of Hoskins's disability. See 29
C.F.R. pt. 1630, App. § 1630.2(o) ("As an example, suppose there is
no vacant position available at the time that an individual with a disability
requests reassignment as a reasonable accommodation. The employer, however,
knows that an equivalent position for which the individual is qualified,
will become vacant next week. Under these circumstances, the employer should
reassign the individual to the position when it becomes available.");
Monette, 90 F.3d at 1187 ("If, perhaps, an employer knows that a position
for which the disabled applicant is qualified will become vacant in a short
period of time, the employer may be required to offer the position to the
employee."). Because the commerce substation position was not available
when OCSD learned of Hoskins's disabling injury nor was its availability
anticipated in the near future, we conclude that assignment to that position
was not a reasonable accommodation. |
| [60] | Hoskins's strongest argument is that the defendants should have reassigned
her permanently to a position in one of the control booths within the jail
facility. The control booth operators, who sit in a locked booth, are primarily
responsible for operating the control panel so as to permit officers to
enter and leave cell blocks. Major Quisenberry explained that the control
booth positions are assigned on a rotating basis to the deputies. He stated:
"The normal assignment is to allow [deputies] to work the [cell] blocks
and then after a day of a block or a particular[ly] hard block, that you
give a deputy a chance to have a break somewhat. The booth is considered
probably an easier job in the main jail. So in fairness to everybody, it
has traditionally been that that [sic] booth job would be rotated around
so that everybody had a chance to have their break." J.A. at 134 (Quisenberry
Dep.). The defendants do not dispute that the control booth position involves
no inmate contact and that Hoskins would therefore be qualified for it;
instead, they argue that assigning Hoskins to this temporary position on
a permanent basis is not a reasonable accommodation. We have not before
had occasion to address the issue of whether a reasonable accommodation
would include turning a rotating or relief position into a permanent position.
On the facts of this case, we conclude that such an accommodation is not
a reasonable one. |
| [61] | In support of their position that the ADA imposes no duty on an employer
to convert a temporary relief position into a new full-time position, the
defendants cite the Seventh Circuit case of Hendricks-Robinson v. Excel
Corp., 154 F.3d 685 (7th Cir. 1998). In Hendricks-Robinson, former employees
of an Excel meatpacking plant brought a class action alleging that Excel's
medical layoff policy violated the ADA because it failed to provide reasonable
accommodation to its permanently disabled employees. Excel set aside a number
of the least physically demanding jobs for employees who were temporarily
restricted from performing their usual positions. However, once an injured
employee's restrictions became permanent, the employee could not remain
in the interim light-duty job but was required either to transfer to another
position where he could perform the required duties or to go on "medical
layoff." Id. at 689. The plaintiffs challenged this policy, arguing
that Excel should not remove the permanently restricted employees from the
light-duty jobs that were designated by Excel as temporary rehabilitation-period
jobs. The Seventh Circuit first noted that it had approved of an employer's
offer of light-duty assignments as a reasonable accommodation for injured
workers. See id. at 696. However, relying on its prior decision in Dalton
v. Subaru-Isuzu Automotive, Inc., 141 F.3d 667 (7th Cir. 1998), the court
held that the ADA does not compel an employer to convert temporary positions
it has set aside into permanent positions for its disabled employees. As
the Dalton court had explained, "[t]o hold otherwise would be to require
[the employer] to create new full-time positions to accommodate its disabled
employees, a course of action not required under the ADA." Id. at 680. |
| [62] | Although these Seventh Circuit cases are not directly on point, as they
involved temporary light-duty positions for recuperating employees rather
than a relief position,*fn4
we nevertheless find them instructive. Like the plaintiffs in Hendricks-Robinson
and Dalton, Hoskins suggests that she be assigned to a rotating-type job
on a permanent basis. We agree that Hoskins's request would essentially
require the creation of a new position rather than reassignment to an otherwise
existing vacant one. As we have made clear, an employer's duty to reassign
an otherwise qualified disabled employee does not require that the employer
create a new job in order to do so. See Cassidy, 138 F.3d at 634. We therefore
conclude that Hoskins has not met her burden of showing that her proposed
accommodation is a reasonable one. Cf. Hill v. Harper, 6 F. Supp. 2d 540,
544 (E.D. Va. 1998) (holding that former deputy sheriff's proposed accommodation
that he be placed in the control room on a permanent basis was unreasonable,
"because this accommodation effectively eliminated the 'essential function'
of being able to rotate through the various duty posts"); McDonald
v. Kansas Dep't of Corrections, 880 F. Supp. 1416, 1422-23 (D. Kan. 1995)
(finding that a state prison was not obligated to allow an obese correctional
officer with a heart condition to work at only certain of the posts within
the prison, as such a requested accommodation was unreasonable). |
| [63] | Therefore, because Hoskins has failed to create a genuine issue of material
fact as to whether restraining inmates is an essential function or as to
whether she could perform the essential functions of the deputy one position
with reasonable accommodation, we affirm the district court's grant of summary
judgment to the defendants. |
| [64] | B. Title VII Claim |
| [65] | Hoskins also asserts a gender discrimination claim based on these same
facts. She alleges that the defendants accommodated several similarly situated
male deputies by allowing them to work light-duty jobs when disabled by
injury. |
| [66] | In McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), the Supreme
Court set forth the framework for analyzing cases alleging workplace discrimination
based on indirect evidence. Under the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting
framework, the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing, by a preponderance
of the evidence, a prima facie case by demonstrating: "(1) membership
in the protected class; (2) that she suffered an adverse action; (3) that
she was qualified for the position; and (4) that she was replaced by someone
outside the protected class or was treated differently from similarly situated
members of the unprotected class." Warfield v. Lebanon Correctional
Inst., 181 F.3d 723, 728-29 (6th Cir. 1999). If the plaintiff establishes
her prima facie case, then an inference of discrimination arises. At that
point the burden of production shifts to the employer, who must set forth
a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the plaintiff's discharge. See
id. at 729. The plaintiff then has the opportunity to demonstrate that the
employer's proffered reason for taking the adverse action was pretextual.
See id. To so demonstrate, the plaintiff must prove "that the [employer's]
asserted reasons have no basis in fact, that the reasons did not in fact
motivate the discharge, or, if they were factors in the [employer's] decision,
that they were jointly insufficient to motivate the discharge." Id.
(quotation omitted) (alterations in original). |
| [67] | The district court found that Hoskins failed to make out a prima facie
case of employment discrimination. It explained that Hoskins's inability
to perform the essential function of restraining inmates rendered her unqualified
for the position of deputy one. Assuming, arguendo, that Hoskins could establish
a prima facie case, the district court concluded that Hoskins failed to
present sufficient evidence of pretext to rebut the defendants' legitimate
nondiscriminatory reason for discharging her. |
| [68] | The district court in the instant case fundamentally misapplied the McDonnell
Douglas test. The court concluded that Hoskins was not qualified because
of her inability to perform an essential function of the job. However, Hoskins's
claim is that although the defendants fired her because of her disability,
they accommodated males with similar restrictions. The district court's
analysis essentially precluded Hoskins from being able to challenge the
policy she alleges to be discriminatory. We addressed a similar situation
in the recent case of Cline v. Catholic Diocese of Toledo, 206 F.3d 651
(6th Cir. 2000), and we instructed that "when assessing whether a plaintiff
has met her employer's legitimate expectations at the prima facie stage
of a termination case, a court must examine plaintiff's evidence independent
of the nondiscriminatory reason 'produced' by the defense as its reason
for terminating plaintiff." Id. at 660-61. Because Hoskins's inability
to restrain inmates is the reason proffered by the defendants for her termination,
the district court should have answered the question of whether Hoskins
was qualified for the position of deputy one without consideration of this
reason. When properly analyzed, it is clear that Hoskins has established,
by a preponderance of the evidence, that she is qualified for the position. |
| [69] | Hoskins has not, however, met her burden of establishing that she was
treated differently from similarly situated male deputies. A plaintiff "need
not demonstrate an exact correlation with the employee receiving more favorable
treatment in order for the two to be considered 'similarly-situated'";
however, the plaintiff and the comparable must be similar in all relevant
aspects. Ercegovich, 154 F.3d at 352. We conclude that Hoskins has not made
this showing. |
| [70] | In her brief, Hoskins argues that eleven male deputies "all suffered
disabling injuries and, at least for some period of time, were unable to
perform the essential functions of a deputy," and she claims that these
men were all accommodated by OCSD. Appellant's Br. at 35-36. In her deposition,
however, Hoskins was not able to identify any deputy who was permitted to
come back to work with doctor's restrictions. In his deposition, Major Quisenberry
identified five male deputies who were accommodated temporarily while having
restrictions from their doctors. However, these men were not, like Hoskins,
permanently restricted from performing an essential function of the deputy
one position. Although Hoskins need not prove that these five men were identical
to her in every respect, the expected duration of disability is relevant
for purposes of her claim. Furthermore, none of the men identified by Hoskins
had a restriction similar to hers, which precluded her from performing an
essential function of the deputy one position. Three of the men were temporarily
taken off road patrol duty and one was restricted from carrying a handgun,
but Major Quisenberry testified that some deputy positions do not require
driving and that most do not require the carrying of a handgun. Because
Hoskins has not shown that these men were comparable to her in all relevant
aspects, her Title VII claim was properly dismissed. |
| [71] | III. CONCLUSION |
| [72] | For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court's grant of summary
judgment. |
|
|
|
| Opinion Footnotes | |
|
|
|
| [73] | *fn1 As
the Supreme Court explained in Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 527 U.S.
471 (1999), although no agency has been delegated authority to issue regulations
implementing the generally applicable provisions of the ADA -- including
the term "disability" -- the EEOC has nonetheless issued regulations
providing guidance regarding the proper interpretation of that term. See
id. at 479. Because neither party to the instant appeal has challenged the
validity of these EEOC regulations, we assume their validity. See id. at
480. |
| [74] | *fn2 Because
of this conclusion, we need not address whether Hoskins is also substantially
limited in the major life activity of working. See Sutton, 527 U.S. at 492
(citing 29 C.F.R. pt. 1630, App. § 1630.2(j) for the proposition that working
should be considered only if an individual is not substantially limited
with respect to any other major life activity). |
| [75] | *fn3 The
regulations provide that although an employee is not required to accept
an offered accommodation, if an individual rejects a "reasonable accommodation
. . . that is necessary to enable the individual to perform the essential
functions of the position held or desired, and cannot, as a result of that
rejection, perform the essential functions of the position, the individual
will not be considered a qualified individual with a disability." 29
C.F.R. § 1630.9(d); see Hankins v. The Gap, Inc., 84 F.3d 797, 800 (6th
Cir. 1996). Furthermore, "an employee cannot make his employer provide
a specific accommodation if another reasonable accommodation is instead
provided." Hankins, 84 F.3d at 800-01. In the instant case, the defendants
offered Hoskins reassignment to two different positions. However, unlike
in Hankins, the positions offered in the instant case were not comparable
to a deputy one position, as both involved a pay cut. The regulations instruct
that employers "should reassign the individual to an equivalent position,
in terms of pay, status, etc., if the individual is qualified, and if the
position is vacant within a reasonable amount of time," and should
only reassign an individual to a lower graded position if the individual
cannot be accommodated in an equivalent position. 29 C.F.R. pt. 1630, App.
§ 1630.2(o). Therefore, we hold that Hoskins's refusal to accept one of
the lower graded positions does not automatically preclude her from being
considered a "qualified individual with a disability." Instead,
if Hoskins can demonstrate that an equivalent position was open for which
she was otherwise qualified, then she will prevail on her claim. See Norville
v. Staten Island Univ. Hosp., 196 F.3d 89, 99 (2d Cir. 1999) ("Reassignment
does not constitute reasonable accommodation . . . where a position comparable
to the employee's former placement is available, but the employee instead
is assigned to a position that would involve a significant diminution in
salary, benefits, seniority or other advantages that she possessed in her
former job. Accordingly, to prevail on an ADA claim where the employer has
offered reassignment as a reasonable accommodation, the employee must offer
evidence showing both that the position offered was inferior to her former
job and that a comparable position, for which the employee was qualified,
was open."). |
| [76] | *fn4 The
Hendricks-Robinson court explained that "it would frustrate the ADA
for permanently impaired employees to fill temporary light-duty assignments
when those jobs have been set aside specifically for recuperating employees."
Hendricks-Robinson, 154 F.3d at 697. |
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