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| [1] | SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES |
| [2] | No. 119 |
| [3] | 1919.SCT.256 <http://www.versuslaw.com>,
249 U.S. 427, 63 L. Ed. 689, 39 S. Ct. 325 |
| [4] | April 14, 1919 |
| [5] | CORN PRODUCTS REFINING COMPANY v. EDDY ET AL. |
| [6] | ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS |
| [7] | Mr. T. M. Lillard, with whom Mr. R. W. Blair and Mr. C. A. Magaw were
on the brief, for plaintiff in error. |
| [8] | Mr. J. L. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General of the State of Kansas, with
whom Mr. S. M. Brewster, Attorney General of the State of Kansas, and Mr.
S. N. Hawkes, Assistant Attorney General of the State of Kansas, were on
the brief, for defendants in error. |
| [9] | White, McKenna, Holmes, Day, Van Devanter, Pitney, McReynolds, Brandeis,
Clarke |
| [10] | The opinion of the court was delivered by: Pitney |
| [11] | A state regulation respecting the labeling of syrup compounds, which does
not discriminate against the manufacturer or his product or against syrups
as a class, held, not objectionable under the equal protection clause. P.
431. |
| [12] | The right of a manufacturer to maintain secrecy as to his compounds and
processes is subject to the right of the State, in the exercise of its police
power, to require that the nature of the product be fairly set forth. P.
432. Held: That a state regulation, requiring manufacturers of proprietary
compound syrups to state definitely in conspicuous letters on the principal
label the percentage of each ingredient, is consistent with the due process
clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Id. |
| [13] | It is the effect of a regulation as put in force by the State that determines
whether it directly burdens interstate commerce, and not its characterization,
or its construction by the state court. Id. |
| [14] | The proviso in § 8 of the Federal Pure Food Act, that nothing in the act
shall be construed as requiring proprietors or manufacturers of proprietary
foods which contain no unwholesome added ingredient to disclose their trade
formulas, except in so far as the provisions of the act may require to secure
freedom from adulteration or misbranding, merely relates to the interpretation
of the requirements of that act, and does not enlarge its purview or establish
a rule as to matters which lie outside its prohibitions. P. 439. |
| [15] | A regulation adopted by a state board of health, and in effect upheld
by the state court as authorized by the state pure food law, must be regarded
as state legislation in ascertaining its relation to the federal food law.
P. 437. |
| [16] | Neither under the commerce clause directly nor through the Federal Pure
Food Law, as amended, is a State forbidden to require that proprietary foods,
imported into the State and sold in the original packages, shall bear labels
stating the names and percentages of the ingredients composing them. P.
433. Savage v. Jones, 225 U.S. 501, followed; McDermott v. Wisconsin, 228
U.S. 115, distinguished. |
| [17] | 99 Kansas, 63, affirmed. |
| [18] | THE case is stated in the opinion. |
| [19] | MR. JUSTICE PITNEY delivered the opinion of the court. |
| [20] | Plaintiff in error (plaintiff in the original action) is a corporation
which manufactures in the State of Illinois a proprietary table syrup composed
of 85 per cent. corn syrup or glucose, 10 per cent. molasses, and 5 per
cent. sorghum, and sells it under the name of "Mary Jane" in cans
labeled as follows: |
| [21] | "5 Pounds Net Weight. |
| [22] | Mary Jane. |
| [23] | Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. |
| [24] | Mary Jane is guaranteed by Corn Products Refining Co. to comply with the
Food and Drugs Act, June 30, 1906. Registered under serial number 2317. |
| [25] | Mary Jane. A Table Syrup Prepared from Corn Syrup, Molasses and Pure Country
Sorghum. Contains Sulphur Dioxide. |
| [26] | M'f'd by Corn Products Refining Co. |
| [27] | General Offices -- New York, U.S.A." |
| [28] | Prior to the beginning of the action plaintiff had agents and representatives
employed in soliciting orders for this syrup from wholesale merchants in
the State of Kansas, the orders being filled by shipping the required quantity
of the syrup in interstate commerce in the original sealed cans with original
labels attached. Defendants, who are the members of the State Board of Health
of Kansas, deeming "Mary Jane" to be misbranded in several particulars
within the meaning of the Food and Drugs Law of that State (c. 266, Kans.
Sess. Laws, 1907, as amended by c. 184, Laws 1909; embodied in c. 35, Kans.
Gen. Stats. 1909; c. 32, Kans. Gen. Stats. 1915), and regulations adopted
by the Board under authority of that law, notified plaintiff's agents and
representatives and other persons selling and dealing in "Mary Jane"
syrup that unless plaintiff complied with Regulation 6 of the State Board
by attaching in a conspicuous place on the outside of each can sold or offered
for sale within the State a label with the word "compound" printed
upon it, and stating definitely the percentage of each ingredient of which
the syrup was composed, they would be arrested and prosecuted. Similar warnings
were communicated to wholesale and retail dealers who were and long had
been selling this syrup in Kansas under the original brand and label. |
| [29] | Plaintiff brought an equitable action against the members of the board
of health in one of the district courts of the State; setting up the pertinent
facts, alleging that defendants were acting under the authority of the state
law and certain regulations adopted by them pursuant to it, and among others
Regulation 6, requiring that in the case of syrups the principal label should
state definitely the percentage of each ingredient, in the case of compounds,
mixtures, imitations, or blends; plaintiff further averring that the state
law and the regulations referred to, particularly Regulation 6, were void
because in conflict with the interstate commerce clause (Art. I, § 8) of
the Constitution of the United States and the Act of Congress of June 30,
1906, c. 3915, 34 Stat. 768, and also in conflict with the provisions of
§ 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment; and that defendants were interfering with
plaintiff's interstate commerce and with its lawful business in the State
of Kansas, thereby threatening plaintiff with great and irreparable damage;
and praying for an injunction. |
| [30] | Their general demurrer having been overruled, defendants answered and
the case came on for hearing, with the result that the district court made
a finding "that all of the allegations of plaintiff's petition are
true"; and adJudged that there should be a perpetual injunction restraining
defendants from interfering with the sale of "Mary Jane" in the
State of Kansas upon the ground that it was misbranded when sold under the
label above referred to, and in particular from interfering, because of
Regulation 6, with persons dealing in or selling the syrup, so branded,
within the State. |
| [31] | Upon appeal, the Supreme Court of Kansas reversed the judgment with direction
that the district court enter judgment for the defendants (99 Kansas, 63);
and the case comes here on writ of error under § 237, Judicial Code, as
amended September 6, 1916, c. 448, 39 Stat. 726, upon the contention that
the Kansas statute and the regulations adopted by the state board pursuant
to it, as interpreted and applied by the state court of last resort, are
repugnant to the interstate commerce clause of the Constitution of the United
States (Art. I, § 8) and to the due process and equal protection provisions
of the Fourteenth Amendment, and especially are in conflict with the Federal
Food and Drugs Act. |
| [32] | Upon the argument here, the attack was centered upon the effect of Regulation
6, which, so far as pertinent, reads as follows: "Manufacturers of
proprietary foods are required to state upon the label the names and percentages
of the materials used, so far as is necessary to secure freedom from adulteration
and misbranding: (1) In the case of syrups, the principal label shall state
definitely, in conspicuous letters, the percentage of each ingredient, in
the case of compounds, mixtures, imitations, or blends. When the name of
the syrup includes the name of one or more of the ingredients, the preponderating
ingredient shall be named first." |
| [33] | It will be convenient to deal first with the contention made under the
Fourteenth Amendment. It is not seriously insisted that there is a denial
of the equal protection of the laws, and we see no ground for such a contention.
There is no discrimination against plaintiff in error or its product, or
against syrups as a class. |
| [34] | It is, however, urged that since plaintiff's syrup is a proprietary food,
made under a secret formula and sold under its own distinctive name, and
since it contains no deleterious or injurious ingredients, the effect of
the regulation in requiring plaintiff to disclose upon the label the ingredients
and their proportions amounts to a taking of its property without due process
of law. Evidently the purpose of the requirement is to secure freedom from
adulteration and misbranding; the mischief of misbranding being that purchasers
may be misled with respect to the wholesomeness or food value of the compound.
And it is too plain for argument that a manufacturer or vendor has no constitutional
right to sell goods without giving to the purchaser fair information of
what it is that is being sold. The right of a manufacturer to maintain secrecy
as to his compounds and processes must be held subject to the right of the
State, in the exercise of its police power and in promotion of fair dealing,
to require that the nature of the product be fairly set forth. Heath &
Milligan Co. v. Worst, 207 U.S. 338, 353; Savage v. Jones, 225, U.S. 501,
524; Standard Stock Food Co. v. Wright, 225 U.S. 540, 548-549; Schmidinger
v. Chicago, 226 U.S. 578, 588; Armour & Co. v. North Dakota, 240 U.S.
510, 514, 515; Hutchinson Ice Cream Co. v. Iowa, 242 U.S. 153, 159; Hebe
Co. v. Shaw, 248 U.S. 297, 303. |
| [35] | We turn to the questions raised under the commerce clause and the act
of Congress. |
| [36] | Although the Supreme Court in its opinion said nothing about interstate
commerce, it cannot be doubted, in the state of the record, that defendants'
activities against which relief was sought included incidental interference
with plaintiff's interstate commerce in the "Mary Jane" syrup;
and that the general judgment in favor of defendants amounts to an adjudication
that the state law and regulations are to be enforced with respect to plaintiff's
product indiscriminately, not only when sold and offered for sale in domestic
commerce but also while in the hands of the importing dealers for sale in
the original packages and hence, in contemplation of law, still in the course
of commerce from State to State. The silence of the Supreme Court upon the
subject cannot change the result in this regard. In cases of this kind,
we are concerned not with the characterization or construction of the state
law by the state court, nor even with the question whether it has in terms
been construed, but solely with the effect and operation of the law as put
in force by the State. St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Co. v. Arkansas, 235 U.S.
350, 362; Kansas City &c. Ry. Co. v. Kansas, 240 U.S. 227, 231; Mountain
Timber Co. v. Washington, 243 U.S. 219, 237; Crew Levick Co. v. Pennsylvania,
245 U.S. 292, 294. |
| [37] | The question of repugnancy to the commerce clause may be treated (a) aside
from federal legislation; and (b) in view of the "Food and Drugs Act"
of Congress, June 30, 1906, c. 3915, 34 Stat. 768. |
| [38] | Upon this question, in both aspects, the judgment under review is clearly
sustained by the decision of this court in Savage v. Jones, 225 U.S. 501,
which is precisely in point. That case raised a question whether a statute
of Indiana relating to concentrated commercial feeding stuffs for animals
(Acts 1907, c. 206), which required the packages, when sold or offered for
sale, to bear in a conspicuous place a tag or label having plainly printed
on it in the English language (among other things) a guaranteed analysis
stating the minimum of crude fat and crude protein, determined by a prescribed
method, and the ingredients from which the concentrated commercial feeding
stuff was compounded, as applied to sales of complainant's products in original
packages by importing purchasers, constituted an unwarranted interference
with interstate commerce, either independently of or in the light of the
Food and Drugs Act of Congress. The court finding (p. 524) that the evident
purpose of the Indiana statute was to prevent fraud and imposition in the
sale of food for domestic animals; that its requirements were directed to
that end and were not unreasonable; and that it was not aimed at interstate
commerce, but without discrimination sought to promote fair dealing in the
described articles of food; held (p. 528) that the statute was a lawful
exercise of the police power of the State, including the required disclosure
of the ingredients contained in feeding stuffs offered for sale in that
State and the provision for their inspection and analysis. Upon the question
whether there was any conflict with the act of Congress, after pointing
out (p. 529) that the object of the latter act was to prevent adulteration
and misbranding by prohibiting the introduction into any State from another
State of articles of food or drugs adulterated or misbranded within the
meaning of the act, and that included in the definition of the term "food"
were "all articles used for food, drink, confectionery, or condiment
by man or other animals, whether simple, mixed, or compound"; and (p.
531) that in the enumeration of the acts constituting a violation of the
statute Congress had not included (as the Indiana statute did include) a
failure to disclose the ingredients of the article, save in specific instances
where morphine, opium, cocaine, or other substances particularly mentioned
were present; and after reciting the provision of the federal act that an
article "for the purposes of this Act" shall be deemed misbranded
if the package or label bear any statement, design or device regarding it
or the ingredients or substances it contains, which shall be false or misleading;
the court proceeded to say (p. 532): "But this does not cover the entire
ground. It is one thing to make a false or misleading statement regarding
the article or its ingredients, and it may be quite another to give no information
as to what the ingredients are. As is well known, products may be sold,
and in case of so-called proprietary articles frequently are sold, under
trade names which do not reveal the ingredients of the composition and the
proprietors refrain from revealing them. Moreover, in defining what shall
be adulteration or misbranding for the purposes of the Federal act, it is
provided that mixtures or compounds known as articles of food under their
own distinctive names, not taking or imitating the distinctive name of another
article, which do not contain 'any added poisonous or deleterious ingredients'
shall not be deemed to be adulterated or misbranded if the name be accompanied
on the same label or brand with a statement of the place of manufacture
(§ 8). Congress has thus limited the scope of its prohibitions. It has not
included that at which the Indiana statute aims. Can it be said that Congress,
nevertheless, has denied to the State, with respect to the feeding stuffs
coming from another State and sold in the original packages, the power the
State otherwise would have to prevent imposition upon the public by making
a reasonable and non-discriminatory provision for the disclosure of ingredients,
and for inspection and analysis? If there be such denial it is not to be
found in any express declaration to that effect. Undoubtedly Congress, by
virtue of its paramount authority over interstate commerce, might have said
that such goods should be free from the incidental effect of a state law
enacted for these purposes. But it did not so declare. There is a proviso
in the section defining misbranding for the purposes of the act that 'nothing
in this Act shall be construed' as requiring manufacturers of proprietary
foods which contain no unwholesome added ingredient to disclose their trade
formulas 'except in so far as the provisions of this Act may require to
secure freedom from adulteration or misbranding' (§ 8). We have already
noted the limitations of the provisions referred to. And it is clear that
this proviso merely relates to the interpretation of the requirements of
the act, and does not enlarge its purview or establish a rule as to matters
which lie outside its prohibitions. Is, then, a denial to the State of the
exercise of its power for the purposes in question necessarily implied in
the Federal statute? For when the question is whether a Federal act overrides
a state law, the entire scheme of the statute must of course be considered
and that which needs must be implied is of no less force than that which
is expressed. If the purpose of the act cannot otherwise be accomplished
-- if its operation within its chosen field else must be frustrated and
its provisions be refused their natural effect -- the state law must yield
to the regulation of Congress within the sphere of its delegated power.
[Citing cases.] But the intent to supersede the exercise by the State of
its police power as to matters not covered by the Federal legislation is
not to be inferred from the mere fact that Congress has seen fit to circumscribe
its regulation and to occupy a limited field. In other words, such intent
is |
| [39] | not to be implied unless the act of Congress fairly interpreted is in
actual conflict with the law of the State. This principle has had abundant
illustration." And, after citing many previous decisions of this court,
and analyzing several of them, the opinion proceeds (p. 539): "Applying
these established principles to the present case, no ground appears for
denying validity to the statute of Indiana. That State has determined that
it is necessary in order to secure proper protection from deception that
purchasers of the described feeding stuffs should be suitably informed of
what they are buying and has made reasonable provision for disclosure of
ingredients by certificate and label, and for inspection and analysis. The
requirements, the enforcement of which the bill seeks to enjoin, are not
in any way in conflict with the provisions of the Federal act. They may
be sustained without impairing |
| [40] | in the slightest degree its operation and effect. There is no question
here of conflicting standards, or of opposition of state to Federal authority.
It follows that the complainant's bill in this aspect of the case was without
equity." |
| [41] | An attempt is made to distinguish Savage v. Jones, upon the ground that
the Indiana statute there under consideration covered a field of regulation
which had not been included in the federal statute, whereas, it is said,
the Kansas Food and Drugs Law is almost literally a reproduction of the
federal law upon the same subject. It is true that the Kansas statute, mutatis
mutandis, follows quite closely the lines of the act of Congress, and that
its 8th section, which defines the term "misbranded" is almost
a copy of the corresponding section of the federal act; but in the following
proviso at the close of the section the words italicized have been inserted
by the state legislature, they not appearing in the federal act: "And
provided further, that nothing in this act shall be construed as requiring
or compelling proprietors or manufacturers of proprietary foods, which contain
no unwholesome ingredients, to disclose their trade formulas, except in
so far as the provisions of this act, or the rules and regulations of the
State Board of Health, may require to secure freedom from adulteration or
misbranding." These italicized words make a very substantial difference.
Section 3 of the Kansas act provides that "The State Board of Health
is authorized and directed to make and publish uniform rules and regulations,
not in conflict with the laws of this state, for carrying out the provisions
of this act;" and under this authority Regulation 6 was adopted and
published, which requires manufacturers of certain proprietary foods, including
syrups that are compounds, mixtures, or blends, to state definitely upon
the principal label the percentage of each ingredient. It is insisted that
the regulation goes beyond the authority conferred upon the state board
because it is inconsistent with the definition of "misbranding"
contained in the act, and therefore cannot be deemed to be a regulation
required to secure freedom from misbranding. Upon this particular point
the opinion of the Kansas Supreme Court is silent; but the decision of the
district court upon the demurrer sustained the validity of the regulation
as being within the authority of the board; the Supreme Court did not overrule
this; the question is one of state law; and we must assume that the regulation,
having been adopted by the board and in effect sustained by the decision
of the Supreme Court, is within the authorization of the statute. This being
so, it must be treated as an enactment proceeding from the legislative power
of the State; and hence it stands upon precisely the same basis as the requirement
of the Indiana statute (quoted in 225 U.S. 504, and referred to above) that
commercial feeding stuffs should bear a label showing among other things
a guaranteed analysis stating the minimum percentage of crude fat and crude
protein and the ingredients from which the article was compounded. It was
because of the absence from the federal act of a provision requiring the
ingredients to be disclosed that this court held that Congress had limited
the scope of its prohibitions and had not included that at which the Indiana
statute aimed. |
| [42] | The Food and Drugs Act of Congress has not been changed in any material
respect from the form it bore when Savage v. Jones arose. By Acts of August
23, 1912, c. 352, 37 Stat. 416, and March 3, 1913, c. 117, 37 Stat. 732,
§ 8 has been amended, but not in any manner that affects the present question. |
| [43] | The fact that the Kansas statute mutatis mutandis follows quite closely
the federal act, and that § 8 defines the term "misbranded" almost
in the very words of the corresponding section of the act of Congress, with
the significant difference in the final proviso to which we have called
attention, is not dispositive of the question whether Congress has covered
the field to the exclusion of state regulation. This is to be determined
by what the act of Congress omits, not by what it contains; and by considering
whether, in words or by necessary implication, Congress has prohibited the
States from making any regulation in respect of the omitted matter. Further
argument upon the question is foreclosed by the decision in Savage v. Jones
that an omission from the act of Congress of a provision requiring feeding
stuffs transported in interstate commerce to give affirmative information
as to the ingredients of the article amounted to a limitation by Congress
of the scope of its prohibitions, and that, although not including that
at which the Indiana statute aimed, Congress had not denied to the State,
with respect to feeding stuffs coming from another State and sold in original
packages, the power to prevent imposition upon the public by making a reasonable
and non-discriminatory provision for the disclosure of ingredients and for
inspection and analysis. |
| [44] | That decision is conclusive also upon this point: that the proviso in
§ 8 of the federal act that "nothing in this Act shall be construed
as requiring or compelling proprietors or manufacturers of proprietary foods
which contain no unwholesome added ingredient to disclose their trade formulas,
except in so far as the provisions of this Act may require to secure freedom
from adulteration or misbranding," merely relates to the interpretation
of the requirements of the federal act, and does not enlarge its purview
or establish a rule as to matters which lie outside its prohibitions. |
| [45] | Savage v. Jones was decided after elaborate argument and upon full consideration.
We see no reason to reconsider the Conclusion there reached or to deny to
the case its proper authority. Its doctrine was followed and applied in
Sligh v. Kirkwood, 237 U.S. 52, 61-62; Hebe Co. v. Shaw, 248 U.S. 297, 304. |
| [46] | It is argued that the present case is controlled rather by McDermott v.
Wisconsin, 228 U.S. 115, 130, and in effect that this case must be taken
as overruling Savage v. Jones. The contention is unfounded. The authority
of the earlier decision was expressly recognized in the opinion of the court
in the later; the distinction being placed (pp. 131-132) upon the question
whether the regulations of the State concerning the same subject-matter
were in conflict with the acts of Congress. The Wisconsin statute was held
to be in conflict because it required that packages of food stuffs received
through the channels of interstate commerce, bearing labels intended to
be in compliance with the act of Congress, while the goods were still unsold
and were in the possession of the importer for the purpose of sale and being
exposed and offered for sale by him, as a condition of their legitimate
sale within the State, should bear the label required by the state law and
none other -- in effect requiring the label that showed compliance with
the act of Congress to be removed from the package before the first sale
by the importer, and while the goods remained still subject to federal inspection. |
| [47] | The judgment under review should be |
| [48] | Affirmed. |
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