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Cesarean Sections

The possibility of a cesarean section should be discussed with every patient as part of the patient's birth plan, with contingent consent for a cesarean section obtained early in the woman's pregnancy. The woman must sign the consent form herself; her husband should not be asked to sign it. At the time the cesarean section becomes necessary, the woman should be asked to resign the original consent form, indicating that the conditions for needing a cesarean section have now occurred. The fact that the mother may have had some pain-relieving drugs does not render her legally incompetent to acknowledge the need for the procedure. Her husband has no authority to sign the consent to her surgery unless she has given him this right in a power of attorney. If the mother is medically unable to consent because she is psychotic or comatose, the surgery may go forward based on the consent signed as part of the birth plan.

The standard of care for pregnant women who have had a previous cesarean section has changed rapidly in the last few years. Many obstetricians encourage women to attempt labor if the reason for the original operation is not likely to be repeated. On the other hand, some highly respected obstetricians believe that vaginal delivery should never be attempted by these patients. Physicians should be careful to inform the patient of all her options. The consent to surgical delivery or to vaginal delivery must be well informed. If the patient wants a trial of labor and the physician does not believe that it is advisable, he or she should help the patient find another doctor who will accept her decision. The consent to a trial of labor should be discussed as part of the patient's birth plan.

Disagreements over the advisability of a trial of labor are different from a refusal of a cesarean section in all circumstances. A woman has a right to refuse surgical delivery without regard for the risk to the fetus. She may refuse a cesarean section for reasons that have no medical basis, even if her decision endangers the life or health of her fetus. Neither the pregnant woman's husband nor her physician has the right to force her compliance by physical force or chemical restraint. The only way to challenge a woman's refusal of a cesarean section is to obtain a court order. General medical-ethical thinking opposes the involuntary treatment of pregnant women who make a knowing decision to refuse medical care.

The strongest case for seeking to overturn a competent woman's decision is when the care is necessary for her own survival rather than the survival of the fetus. In analogous cases involving nonpregnant patients, the courts have expressed reluctance to allow an otherwise healthy person to refuse acute lifesaving care. The physician's ethical duty is difficult to determine in such situations. Ethicists who hold autonomy as the highest value argue that the patient should be allowed to die without attempts at legal intervention. Those who stress beneficience and the right of the state to act as parens patria for its citizens argue that the physician has an ethical duty to seek a judicial determination.

If this refusal is made during the first patient encounter, it presents the physician with the dilemma of whether to continue treating the woman. Most of the ethical debates have centered on the right of the state to force women to undergo unwanted medical care for the sake of the fetus. There has been much less attention to the right of the physician to refuse to treat a patient who prospectively refuses potentially lifesaving care. Many physicians ignore the refusal on the basis that the woman will change her mind if the section becomes necessary or in the hope that a section will not be required. This is a dangerous approach if an emergency section becomes necessary. Since there will be no time to obtain a court order, the physician must choose between respecting the woman's wishes or operating against her consent. Irrespective of the patient's expressed wishes, it will be difficult to defend allowing the patient and baby to die. The best that can be expected is a verdict based on the court's requiring the enforcement of a rigorously documented informed refusal of care. Conversely, operating against a patient's express refusal, without judicial authorization, is legally and ethically unacceptable.

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