FOREWORD 01 JUL 1999 This Standard is issued under the authority of DoD Directive 6055.9, "DoD Explosives Safety Board (DDESB), and DoD Component Explosives Safety Responsibilities," July 29, 1996. It establishes uniform safety standards applicable to ammunition and explosives, to associated personnel and property, and to unrelated personnel and property exposed to the potential damaging effects of an accident involving ammunition and explosives during their development, manufacturing, testing, transportation, handling, storage, maintenance, demilitarization, and disposal. DoD 6055.9-STD, "Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards," August 11, 1997 is hereby canceled. This Standard applies to the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Military Departments, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Combatant Commands, and the Defense Agencies thereafter referred to collectively as "DoD Components"). This Standard is effective immediately and is mandatory for use by all DoD Components. The heads of the DoD Components may issue supplementary instructions only when necessary to provide for unique requirements within their respective Components. A copy of supplementary instructions shall be forwarded to the Chairman, DDESB. Forward recommendations for change to this Standard through channels to: Chairman Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board 2461 Eisenhower Avenue Alexandria, VA 22331-0600 This Standard is only available in electronic form. The DoD Components, other Federal Agencies and the public may obtain copies from the Washington Headquarters Services Directives and Records Branch (Directives Section) on the worldwide web at http://web7.whs.osd.mi1/corres.htm. Reports Control Symbols DD-A&T (AR) 1643 and DD-A&T (AR) 1020 have been assigned to the reports required by this Standard. J. S. Gansler TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword2 Table of contents3 Figures6 Tables6 References8 Abbreviations and/or Acronyms10 C1. CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION12 C1.1. Policy12 C1.2. Scope12 C1.3. DoD Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards Waiver and Exemption Program.13 C2. CHAPTER 2 - EFFECTS OF EXPLOSIONS AND PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURES16 C2.1. Introduction16 C2.2. Blast Pressure Output16 C2.3. Expected Effects - Hazard Division 1.117 C2.4. Permissible Exposures to Airblast Overpressure - Hazard Division 1.122 C2.5. Fragments27 C2.6. Thermal Hazard31 C2.7. Ground Shock31 C2.8. Chemical Agent Hazards32 C3. CHAPTER 3 - HAZARD CLASSIFICATION AND COMPATIBILITY GROUPS33 C3.1. Classification System33 C3.2. Storage Principles34 C3.3. Compatible Ammunition and Explosives35 C3.4. Storage and Compatibility Groups (CGs)37 C3.5. Mixed Storage39 C3.6. Underground Storage42 C3.7. Explosives Hazard Classification procedures42 C3.8. EIDs and EIDS Ammunition42 C3.9. Test Procedures Documents42 C3.10. Screening Tests for EIDS43 C3.11. Required Tests for EIDS43 C3.12. Required Tests for EIDS Ammunition (Hazard Division 1.6)44 C3.13. Hazard Classification and Compatibility Groups44 C3.14. Classes 1 or 6 Chemical Agent Hazards or Combined Chemical Agent and Explosives Hazards45 C4. CHAPTER 4 - PERSONNEL PROTECTION47 C4.1. Scope and Application47 C4.2. Hazard Assessment47 C4.3. Permissible Exposures48 C4.4. Protective Measures49 C5. CHAPTER 5 - FACILITIES CONSTRUCTION AND SITING51 C5.1. General51 C5.2. Ammunition and Explosives Storage Facilities51 C5.3. Barricades and Earth Cover for Magazines58 C5.4. Policy on Protective Construction64 C5.5. Facilities Siting Criteria65 C5.6. Site and General Construction Plans Review74 C6. CHAPTER 6 - ELECTRICAL STANDARDS78 C6.1. General78 C6.2. Hazardous Locations78 C6.3. Special Occupancies78 C6.4. Static Electricity79 C6.5. Electric Supply Systems79 C7. CHAPTER 7 - LIGHTNING PROTECTION81 C7.1. Policy81 C7.2. References81 C7.3. Lightning Protection System Design81 C7.4. Inspection, Testing and Training82 C7.5. Lightning Protection Exceptions83 C8. CHAPTER 8 - HAZARD IDENTIFICATION FOR FIRE FIGHTING AND EMERGENCY PLANNING 84 C8.1. Scope and Applicability84 C8.2. Fire Divisions84 C8.3. Fire Division Symbols85 C8.4. Chemical Agent and Ammunition Hazard Symbols86 C8.5. Firefighting Measures87 C8.6. Emergency Planning88 C9. CHAPTER 9 - QUANTITY-DISTANCE94 C9.1. General94 C9.2. Establishment of Quantity of Explosives and Distances94 C9.3. Hazard Division Q-D Tables98 C9.4. Airfields, Heliports, and Seadromes123 C9.5. Pier and Wharf Facilities125 C9.6. Liquid Propellants130 C9.7. Underground Storage136 C9.8. Military Working Dog Explosives Search Training179 C10. CHAPTER 10 - THEATER OF OPERATIONS QUANTITY-DISTANCE181 C10.1. General181 C10.2. Basic Load Ammunition Holding Areas (BLAHA)181 C10.3. Airfields Used Only By Military Aircraft183 C11. CHAPTER 11 - CHEMICAL AGENT STANDARDS194 C11.1. Scope and Applicability194 C11.2. Airborne Exposure Limits195 C11.3. Agent Exposure Control and Measurement196 C11.4. Medical Surveillance199 C11.5. Worker Protective Clothing and Equipment199 C11.6. Administrative and Work Practice Controls200 C11.7. Engineering Design Guidance for Facilities205 C11.8. Classification of Military-Peculiar Chemical Materials and Ammunition209 C12. CHAPTER 12 - REAL PROPERTY CONTAMINATED WITH AMMUNITION, EXPLOSIVES OR CHEMICAL AGENTS211 C12.1. Scope211 C12.2. Policy211 C12.3. Procedures212 C12.4. Mineral Exploration and Extraction217 C13. CHAPTER 13 - MISHAP REPORTING AND INVESTIGATION REQUIREMENTS219 C13.1. Scope219 C13.2. Report Classification219 C13.3. Initial Reports219 C13.4. Followup Reports221 C13.5. Investigation Reports221 C13.6. Chemical agent Mishaps223 C14. CHAPTER 14 - SPECIAL STORAGE PROCEDURES FOR WASTE MILITARY MUNITIONS225 C14.1. Scope and Applicability225 C14.2. Waiviers and Exemptions225 C14.3. Requirements for Storage of Waste Military Munitions Under CE225 C14.4. Other Storage Standards227 C14.5. Reporting228 C14.6. Closure of Facilities Storing Waste Munitions Under CE228 C14.7. Closure of Facilities Storing Waste Military Munitions Under RCRA230 AP1. APPENDIX 1 - GLOSSARY231 FIGURES NumberTitle Page C5.F1. Typical Eight-cell Module 55 C5.F2. Determination of Barricade Height 60 C5.F3. Determination of Barricade Length 61 C5.F4. Portal Barricade Location, Height and Length 63 C8.F1. Fire Division Symbols 90 C8.F2. Chemical Hazard Symbols 91 C8.F3. Supplemental Chemical Hazard Symbols 92 C9.F1. Orientation Effects on Intermagazine Distance 115 C9.F2. Application of Separation Distances for Ship and Barge Units 136 C9.F3. Typical Underground Facilities 163 C9.F4. Debris Dispersal Functions 164 C9.F5. Constant Pressure Contour 165 C10.F1. Areas of Hazard 188 TABLES NumberTitle Page C3.T1. Storage Compatibility Mixing Chart 40 C3.T2. Test Procedures 43 C3.T3. EIDS Tests 43 C3.T4. EIDS Ammunition (Hazard Division 1.6) Tests 44 C3.T5. Hazard Classifications/Compatibility Groups 45 C3.T6. EIDS and EIDS Ammunition Hazard Divisions 46 C5.T1. Intermagazine Separation for Barricaded Storage Modules for Mass-Detonating Explosives 56 C8.T1. Compatibility Group and Chemical Hazard Symbols Required for Storage of Chemical Ammunition and Substances 92 C8.T2. Emergency Withdrawal Distances for Nonessential Personnel 93 C9.T1. Hazard Division 1.1, Inhabited Building and Public Traffic Route Distances 100 C9.T2. Minimum Fragment Protection Distance for Selected Hazard Division 1.1 Items. 104 C9.T3. Hazard Division 1.1, Intraline Distances 105 C9.T4. Hazard Division 1.1, Intraline Distances from Earth-covered Magazines 107 C9.T5. Intermagazine Hazard Factors and Distances for Hazard Division 1.1 110 C9.T6. Category (04), Hazard Division 1.2 Quantity-Distances 118 C9.T7. Category (08), Hazard Division 1.2 Quantity-Distances 119 C9.T8. Category (12), Hazard Division 1.2 Quantity-Distances 119 C9.T9. Category (18), Hazard Division 1.2 Quantity-Distances 120 C9.T10. Hazard Division 1.3 Quantity-Distances 121 C9.T11. Hazard Division 1.4 Quantity-Distances 123 C9.T12. Quantity-Distance Criteria for Hazard Division 1.6 Ammunition 124 C9.T13. Hazard Division 1.1, - Quantity-Distance for Military Aircraft Parking Areas 127 C9.T14. Application of Ammunition and Explosives Safety Distances (Airfields, Heliports, and Seadromes) 128 C9.T15. Variation of MPS Q-D Factors with Loadout 132 C9.T16. Quantity-Distance Separations for Pier and Wharf Facilities 135 C9.T17. Liquid Propellant Hazard and Compatibility Groups 142 C9.T18. Liquid Propellant Explosive Equivalents 143 C9.T19. Factors to be Used When Converting Gallons of Propellant into Pounds 145 C9.T20. Quantity-Distance for Propellants. 146 C9.T21. Chamber Loading Density (w) 166 C9.T22. Chamber Separation 168 C9.T23. Distances to Protect Against Ground Shock 170 C9.T24. Functions of Loading Density 172 C9.T25. Distances to Protect Against Hard Rock Debris 173 C9.T26. Distances to Protect Against Soft Rock Debris 175 C9.T27. Values for Ration DHYD/Ve1/2.8 177 C9.T28. Scaled IBD for Airblast without Mitigating Devices 178 C10.T1. Quantity-Distances for Basic Load Ammunition Holding Areas 184 C10.T2. Hazard Division 1.I, Quantity-Distances for Airfields Used Only by Military Aircraft in Theaters of Operation 189 C10.T3. Quantity-Distances for Propagation Prevention 191 C10.T4. Quantity-Distances for Assets Preservation 192 C10.T5. Quantity-Distances from a U.S. Third-generation Hardened Aircraft Shelter PES to an Unhardened Exposed Site 193 C11.T1. Airborne Exposure Limits 196 C11.T2. Protective Equipment for Regulated Areas, Employee Exposure Potential 198 REFERENCES (a) DoD 8910.1-M, "DoD Procedures for Management of Information Requirements," June 1998; authorized by DoD Directive 8910.1, June 11, 1993 (b) Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board (DDESB) Technical Paper No. 13, "Prediction of Building Debris for Quantity-Distance Siting," April 1991 (c) Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 173, "Shippers - General Requirements for Shipments and Packagings," current edition (d) ST/SG/AC.10/1/Revision 10, "Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations," Tenth Revised Edition, United Nations, New York, 1997 (e) Technical Bulletin (TB) 700-2, Naval Sea Systems Command Instruction (NAVSEAINST) 8020.8B, Technical Order (TO) 11A-1-47, Defense Logistics Agency Regulation (DLAR) 8220.1, "Department of Defense Ammunition and Explosives Hazard Classification Procedures," January 5, 1998 (f) ST/SG/AC.10/11/Revision 2, "Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Tests and Criteria" Second Revised Edition, United Nations, New York, 1995 (g) Technical Manual (TM)-5-1300, Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) P 397, Air Force Manual (AFM) 88-22, "Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions," November 28, 1990 (h) Military Standard (MIL-STD)-398, "Shields, Operational for Ammunition Operations, Criteria for Design and Tests for Acceptance," November 5, 1976 (i) Military Standard (MIL-STD)-1474(C), "Noise Limits for Military Materiel," September 7, 1990 (j) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 30, "Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code," National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts, 1996 (k) DoD Directive 6055.9, "DoD Explosives Safety Board (DDESB), and DoD Component Explosives Safety Responsibilities," July 29, 1996 (l) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 70, "National Electric Code," National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts, 1996 (m) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 780, "Lightning Protection Code," National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts, 1995 (n) Military Handbook (MIL-HDBK)-419, "Grounding, Bonding, and Shielding for Electronic Equipments and Facilities," Volumes I and II, January 21, 1982 (o) Sections 301-312 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA), Public Law 99-499, Title III (42 United States Code Sections 11001-11022) (p) Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board (DDESB) Technical Paper No. 10, "Methodology for Chemical Hazard Prediction," June 1980 (q) Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 77, "Objects Affecting Navigable Airspace," current edition (r) DoD 5000.2-R, "Mandatory Procedures for Major Defense Acquisition Programs (MDAPs) and Major Automated Information System (MAIS) Acquisition Programs," March 15, 1996; authorized by DoD Directive 5000.1, March 15, 1996 (s) Military Standard (MIL-STD)-882B, "Systems Safety Program for Systems and Associated Subsystems and Equipment," March 30, 1984 (t) DoD Instruction 6055.1, "DoD Safety and Occupational Health (SOH) Program," August 19, 1998 (u) Edgewood Arsenal Special Report EA-SR-7400, "Chemical Agent Data Sheets," December 1974 (v) Dugway Proving Ground DPGR-J-120P, "Joint CB Technical Data Source Book (U)," Volume II, June 1979 (confidential) (w) Department of the Army Pamphlet (DA PAM) 40-8, "Special Occupational Safety and Health Standard for the Evaluation and Control of Occupational Exposure to Agent GB," August 1982 (x) DoD Instruction 6055.5, "Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Health," January 10, 1989 (y) Army Regulation (AR)-740-32/Naval Operations Instruction (OPNAVINST) 8070.1B/Air Force Regulation (AFR) 136-4/MCO 4030.25.B, "Responsibilities for Technical Escort of Dangerous Materials," June 5, 1975 (z) ARLCD-CR-80049, "Engineering Guide for Fire Protection and Detection Systems of Army Ammunition Plants - Volume I, Section and Design," December 1980 (aa) Technical Manual (TM) 5-855-1, "Fundamentals of Protective Design for Conventional Weapons," November 1985 (bb) DoD Instruction 6055.7, "Mishap Investigation, Reporting, and Recordkeeping," April 10, 1989 (cc) Federal Register, Volume 62, page 6621, February 12, 1997 (dd) Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, "Protection of the Environment" (ee) Title 50, United States Code, "Wildlife and Fisheries" (ff) Title 42, United States Code, "Public Health" AL1. ABBREVIATIONS and/or ACRONYMS AL1.1. AEL airborne exposure limits AL1.2. ASU ammunition storage unit AL1.3. BLAHA basic load ammunition holding area AL1.4. CB chemical/biological AL1.5. CBU cluster bomb unit AL1.6. CE conditional exemption, civil engineer AL1.7. CG compatibility group AL1.8. CoE Corps of Engineers AL1.9. CONUS continental United States AL1.10. DDESB Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board AL1.11. DoDAC Department of Defense ammunition code AL1.12. DoT Department of Transportation AL1.13. DPE demilitarization protective ensemble AL1.14. DTA differential thermal analysis AL1.15. DUSD(ES) Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Environmental Security) AL1.16. ECM earth-covered magazine AL1.17. EED electroexplosive device AL1.18. EIDS extremely insensitive detonating substances AL1.19. EMR electromagnetic radiation AL1.20. EOD explosive ordnance disposal AL1.21. EPA Environmental Protection Agency AL1.22. EPCRA Emergency Planning Community Right-To-Know Act AL1.23. ES exposed site AL1.24. FAE fuel-air explosives AL1.25. FSC Federal supply class AL1.26. FUDS formerly used defense sites AL1.27. GSA General Services Administration AL1.28. HAS hardened aircraft shelter AL1.29. HC hexachlorethane AL1.30. HE high explosive AL1.31. IAW in accordance with AL1.32. IBD inhabited building distance AL1.33. ILD intraline distance AL1.34. IMD intermagazine distance AL1.35. IMO International Maritime Organization AL1.36. IPS inches per second AL1.37. ISO International Standardization Organization AL1.38. LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committees AL1.39. LOX liquid oxygen AL1.40. MCE maximum credible event AL1.41. MILVANS military vans AL1.42. Mk Mark AL1.43. Mod Model AL1.44. MPS maritime pre-positioning ships AL1.45. MR munitions rule AL1.46. MSHA Mine Safety and Health Administration AL1.47. MWD military working dogs AL1.48. MWR morale, welfare, and recreation AL1.49. NALC navy ammunition logistic code AL1.50. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization AL1.51. NEQ net explosive quantity AL1.52. NEW net explosive weight AL1.53. NIN National identification number AL1.54. NIOSH National Institute Occupational Safety and Health AL1.55. NSN National stock number AL1.56. PES potential explosion site AL1.57. PETN pentaerythritol tetranitrate AL1.58. POL petroleum, oils, lubricants AL1.59. POTMC protective outfit toxicological microclimate controlled AL1.60. PPE personnel protection equipment AL1.61. PSI pounds per square inch AL1.62. PTR public traffic route AL1.63. PWP plasticized white phosphorus AL1.64. Q-D quantity-distance AL1.65. R&R rest & recreation AL1.66. RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act AL1.67. RDT&E research, development, test and evaluation AL1.68. RDX cyclonite AL1.69. SCBA self-contained breathing apparatus AL1.70. SOP standard operating procedure AL1.71. TAPES toxicologic agent protective ensemble, self-contained AL1.72. TEA triethyl aluminum AL1.73. TNT trinitrotoluene AL1.74. TWA time weighted average AL1.75. UNO United Nations Organization AL1.76. UXO unexploded ordnance AL1.77. WP white phosphorus C1. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION C1.1. POLICY It is DoD policy consistent with operational requirements to: C1.1.1. Provide the maximum possible protection to personnel and property, both inside and outside the installation, from the damaging effects of potential accidents involving DoD ammunition and explosives. C1.1.2. Limit the exposure of a minimum number of persons, for a minimum time, to the minimum amount of ammunition and explosives consistent with safe and efficient operations. C1.1.3. Comply with these ammunition and explosives safety standards. When DoD ammunition and explosives are located in overseas areas, comply with U.S. ammunition and explosives safety standards except when compliance with more restrictive local standards is made mandatory by an appropriate international agreement. When such ammunition is not in U.S. custody and under U.S. control, comply with U.S. standards to the extent consistent with agreements or arrangements with the host country concerned. C1.2. SCOPE C1.2.1. Ammunition and explosives safety standards herein shall be considered minimum and greater protection shall be afforded when practicable. They apply whenever any explosives, propellants, or similar energetic materials are present on DoD-owned or -leased facilities and to U.S.-titled ammunition in host nation facilities. C1.2.2. Standards herein shall govern DoD facilities siting and construction except: C1.2.2.1. When facilities already have been constructed or approved for construction to meet plans that were developed before the date of this Publication. C1.2.2.2. Existing facilities that do not comply with these standards (when current hazards are not greater than those assumed for their original use) shall be allowed for the balance of their useful lives when it can be demonstrated clearly that redesign or modification is not feasible, and that the quantity of explosives, propellants, or chemical agents cannot be reduced for reasons of operational necessity. C1.2.2.3. Planned facilities that do not meet these standards, but have been certified by the head of the DoD Component as essential because of operational necessity or other compelling reasons. C1.2.2.4. Other situations that upon analysis by the DoD Component and the DoD Explosives Safety Board (DDESB) are determined to provide the required degree of safety through use of protective construction or other specialized safety features. C1.2.3. The excepted deviations from these standards in subsection C1.2.2., above, must be documented in the permanent records of the installation. This document must show the date the applicable standard was first published and the date the deviant facility was approved for safety or was first used in the deviating manner. C1.3. DoD AMMUNITION AND SAFETY STANDARDS WAIVER AND EXEMPTION PROGRAM C1.3.1. General. The ammunition and explosives safety standards herein are designed to manage the risks associated with ammunition and explosives by providing protection against serious injury, loss of life, and damage to property but are not intended to be so rigid as to prevent the DoD Components from accomplishing their assigned missions. Consequently, when deviating from these standards, proper authority within the DoD Components must weigh the added risk to personnel and property against the strategic and other compelling reasons that necessitate such deviations. That added risk to personnel and property must be analyzed and documented to include methods used to reduce the risk to a level acceptable to the DoD Component approval authority. C1.3.1.1. A waiver is written authority that permits temporary deviation from a mandatory requirement of these standards for strategic or other compelling reasons. Generally, it is granted for a short period pending cancellation or correction of the waived conditions. Waivers will not be granted for periods exceeding 5 years. Exceptional situations may require time for completion of corrective action or actions that exceed 5 years, in which case the waiver shall be reissued by the next higher approval authority unless the waiver was last issued at the Military Service head level. Waivers may be granted by the official with (1) assigned responsibilities consistent with the level of risk and (2) the authority to control the resources required to accomplish corrective action. Waivers will be reviewed for applicability and currency at intervals not exceeding 2 years. C1.3.1.2. An exemption is written authority that permits long term noncompliance with these standards for strategic or other compelling reasons. Exemptions may be granted by law, by congressional action, or by appropriate military authority. Appropriate military authority shall be that official with assigned responsibilities consistent with the level of risk. Exemptions shall be reviewed for applicability and currency at intervals not to exceed 5 years. C1.3.1.3. Secretarial Exemption/Certification is authority granted by the Service Secretary to deviate from the requirements of this Standard for existing situations or allow new potential explosion sites and/or new exposed sites. These must be reviewed at intervals not to exceed 5 years to validate strategic or compelling operational requirements and ensure the identificaiton of risks and exposures. C1.3.2. Information Requirements. Upon request, DoD Components shall provide the DDESB with the following information (as applicable) on exemptions and waivers granted to the standards contained herein and any changes thereto. This reporting requirement has been assigned Report Control Symbol DD-A&T(AR)1643 in accordance with DoD 8910.1-M (reference (a)). C1.3.2.1. Identification number (DoD Component-derived) and classification (waiver or exemption in accordance with classification procedure cited in paragraphs C1.3.1.1. and C1.3.1.2., above). C1.3.2.2. Location and condition waived or exempted. C1.3.2.2.1. Total explosive weight by hazard classification/division at a potential explosion site (PES). C1.3.2.2.2. Distance to exposed site or sites (ES) from PES and brief description of ES to include type and estimated value of property and whether property is located on or off installation. C1.3.2.2.3. Estimated number of personnel on and off the installation located at the ES. C1.3.2.2.4. Calculated public access exclusion distance. C1.3.2.3. Date of approval, expiration, or cancellation as appropriate and title of approving authority. C1.3.2.4. Planned corrective action with date of expected completion. C1.3.2.4.1. Estimated cost to correct. C1.3.2.4.2. Military construction project number, if assigned. C2. CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF EXPLOSIONS AND PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURES C2.1. INTRODUCTION In the assessment of the hazard associated with a given situation, the principal effects of the explosive output to be considered are blast pressure, primary and secondary fragments, thermal hazards, and chemical agent hazards. In this Chapter the effects of these hazards and permissible exposures are detailed. C2.2. BLAST PRESSURE OUTPUT C2.2.1. Blast Wave Phenomena. The violent release of energy from a detonation in a gaseous medium gives a sudden pressure increase in that medium. The pressure disturbance, termed the blast wave, is characterized by an almost instantaneous rise from the ambient pressure to a peak incident pressure (Pso). This pressure increase, or shock front, travels radially from the burst point with a diminishing velocity that always is in excess of the sonic velocity of the medium. Gas molecules making up the front move at lower velocities. This latter particle velocity is associated with a "dynamic pressure," or the pressure formed by the winds produced by the shock front. C2.2.1.1. As the shock front expands into increasingly larger volumes of the medium, the peak incident pressure at the front decreases and the duration of the pressure increases. C2.2.1.2. If the shock wave impinges on a rigid surface oriented at an angle to the direction of propagation of the wave, a reflected pressure is instantly developed on the surface and the pressure is raised to a value that exceeds the incident pressure. The reflected pressure is a function of the pressure in the incident wave and the angle formed between the rigid surface and the plane of the shock front. C2.2.2. Partially Confined Explosions. When an explosion occurs within a structure, the peak pressure associated with the initial shock front will be extremely high and, in turn, will be amplified by reflections within the structure. In addition, the accumulation of gases from the explosion will exert additional pressures and increase the load duration within the structure. The combined effects of both pressures eventually may destroy the structure if it is not strengthened sufficiently or adequate venting for the gas and the shock pressure is not provided, or both. For structures that have one or more strengthened walls, venting for relief of excessive gas or shock pressures, or both, may be provided by means of openings in or frangible construction of the remaining walls or roof, or both. This type of construction will permit the blast wave from an internal explosion to spill over onto the exterior ground surface. These pressures, referred to as exterior or leakage pressures, once released from their confinement, expand radially and act on structures or persons, or both, on the other side of the barrier. C2.3. EXPECTED EFFECTS - HAZARD DIVISION 1.1 C2.3.1. Conventional Structures. Conventional structures are designed to withstand roof snow loads of 30 pounds per square foot (1.44 kilopascals) and wind loads of 100 miles per hour (161 kilometers per hour). The loads equate to 0.2 pounds per square inch (psi). Airblast overpressure at Hazard Division 1.1 barricaded intraline distance is 12 psi (82.7 kPa); at unbarricaded intraline distance is 3.5 psi (24 kPa); and at inhabited building distance is 0.9 to 1.2 psi (6.2 to 8.3 kPa). Comparing these loads with the design capacity, it is evident that conventional buildings will be damaged even at inhabited building distance. Conventional structures, which include aboveground storage facilities, contribute little to propagation protection from either blast or fragments. Propagation protection is provided by distance and/or barricading. The amount of damage to be expected at various pressure levels is described below. C2.3.2. Earth-Covered Magazines. The earth-covered magazines identified in section C5.2., Chapter 5, separated one from another by the minimum distances required by Table C9.T5., provide virtually complete protection against propagation of explosion by blast, fragments, and fire; however, there may be some cracking of concrete barrels and rear walls, possible severe cracking and some spalling of front walls, and some damage to doors and ventilators. C2.3.3. Underground Storage Facilities. Underground facilities sited and constructed as specified in section C9.7., Chapter 9 provide a high degree of protection against propagation of explosion between chambers by blast, fragments or spall, and between underground and aboveground structures. Delayed propagation between chambers by fire is possible, but this possibility may be minimized by installation of a fire suppression system. C2.3.4. Barricaded Open-Storage Modules. Barricaded open-storage modules (subsection C5.2.2., Chapter 5) provide a high degree of protection against propagation of explosion by blast and fragments. However, if flammable materials are present in nearby cells, subsequent propagation of explosion by fire is possible. Items at K=1.1 separations from a donor explosion will be covered with earth and unavailable for use until extensive uncovering operations and possibly maintenance are completed. Items at K=2.5 separations are expected to be readily accessible. C2.3.5. Barricaded Aboveground Magazine Distance - 6W1/3 ft (2.4Q1/3m) - 27 psi (186.1 kPa) C2.3.5.1. Unstrengthened buildings will be destroyed completely. C2.3.5.2. Personnel at this distance or closer will be killed by direct action of blast, by being struck by building debris, or by impact against hard surfaces. C2.3.5.3. Transport vehicles will be overturned and crushed by blast. C2.3.5.4. Explosives loaded vessels will be damaged severely, with propagation of explosion likely. C2.3.5.5. Aircraft will be destroyed by blast, thermal, and debris effects. C2.3.5.6. Control. Barricades are effective in preventing immediate propagation of explosion by low angle fragments, but provide only limited protection against delayed propagation of explosion caused by fire resulting from high angle firebrands. C2.3.6. Barricaded Intraline Distance - 9W1/3 ft (3.6Q1/3m) - 12 psi (82.7 kPa) C2.3.6.1. Unstrengthened buildings will suffer severe structural damage approaching total destruction. C2.3.6.2. Severe injuries or death to occupants of the ES may be expected from direct blast, building collapse, or translation. C2.3.6.3. Aircraft will be damaged beyond economical repair both by blast and fragments. If the aircraft are loaded with explosives, delayed explosions are likely to result from subsequent fires. C2.3.6.4. Transport vehicles will be damaged heavily, probably to the extent of total loss. C2.3.6.5. Direct propagation of explosion between two explosives locations is unlikely when barricades are interposed between them to intercept high velocity low angle fragments. C2.3.6.6. Improperly designed barricades or structures may increase the hazard from flying debris, or may collapse in such a manner as to increase the risk to personnel and equipment. C2.3.6.7. Control. Barricading is required. Exposed structures containing equipment of high monetary value or of critical mission importance or wherein personnel exposure is significant may require hardening for necessary protection of personnel and equipment. C2.3.7. Unbarricaded Aboveground Magazine Distance - 11W1/3 ft (4.4Q1/3m) -8 psi (55.3 kPa) C2.3.7.1. Unstrengthened buildings will suffer damage approaching total destruction. C2.3.7.2. Personnel are likely to be injured seriously due to blast, fragments, debris, and translation. C2.3.7.3. There is a 20-percent risk of eardrum rupture. C2.3.7.4. Explosives loaded vessels are likely to be damaged extensively and delayed propagation of explosion may occur. C2.3.7.5. Aircraft will be damaged heavily by blast and fragments; destruction by ensuing fire is likely. C2.3.7.6. Transport vehicles will sustain severe body damage, minor engine damage, and total glass breakage. C2.3.7.7. Control. Barricading will reduce significantly the risk of propagation of explosion and injury of personnel by fragments. C2.3.8. Unbarricaded Intraline Distance - 18W1/3 ft (7.2Q1/3m) - 3.5 psi (24 kPa) C2.3.8.1. Direct propagation of explosion is not expected. C2.3.8.2. There is some possibility that delayed communication of an explosion may occur from fires, or as a result of equipment failure at the ES. C2.3.8.3. Damage to unstrengthened buildings will be of a serious nature and approximately 50 percent or more of the total replacement cost. C2.3.8.4. There is a 1-percent chance of eardrum damage to personnel. C2.3.8.5. Personnel injuries of a serious nature are likely from fragments, debris, firebrands, or other objects. C2.3.8.6. Cargo ships would suffer damage to decks and superstructure from being struck by fragments and having doors and bulkheads on the weather deck buckled by overpressure. C2.3.8.7. Aircraft can be expected to suffer considerable structural damage from blast. Fragments and debris are likely to cause severe damage to aircraft at distances calculated from the formula 18W1/3 when small quantities of explosives are involved. C2.3.8.8. Transport vehicles will incur extensive, but not severe, body and glass damage consisting mainly of dishing of body panels and cracks in shatter-resistant window glass. C2.3.8.9. Control. Many situations arise in which control of pressure by suitably designed suppressive construction at the PES or protective construction at the ES are practical. Use of such construction to withstand blast overpressure is encouraged if it is more economical than distance alone, or if sufficient distance is not available to prevent the overpressure from exceeding this level. C2.3.9. Public Traffic Route Distance (under 100,000 lbs HE) 24W1/3 ft (9.6Q1/3m) - 2.3 psi (15.8 kPa) C2.3.9.1. Unstrengthened buildings can be expected to sustain damage approximately 20 percent of the replacement cost. C2.3.9.2. Occupants of exposed structures may suffer temporary hearing loss or injury from secondary blast effects such as building debris and the tertiary effect of displacement. C2.3.9.3. Personnel in the open are not expected to be killed or seriously injured directly by blast. There may be some personnel injuries caused by fragments and debris, depending largely upon the PES structure and amount of ammunition and fragmentation characteristics thereof. C2.3.9.4. Vehicles on the road should suffer little damage unless hit by a fragment or unless the blast wave causes momentary loss of control. C2.3.9.5. Aircraft should suffer some damage to appendages and sheet metal skin from blast and possible fragment penetration; however, the aircraft should be operational with minor repair. C2.3.9.6. Cargo-type ships should suffer minor damage to deck structure and exposed electronic gear from blast and possible fragment penetration, but such damage should be readily repairable. C2.3.9.7. Control. The risk of injury or damage due to fragments for limited quantities of explosives at the PES can be reduced by barricading. Also, many situations arise when control of pressure by suitably designed suppressive construction at the PES or protective construction at the ES are practical. C2.3.10. Public Traffic Route Distance (over 250,000 lbs HE) 30W1/3 ft (12Q1/3m) -1.7 psi (11.7 kPa) C2.3.10.1. Unstrengthened buildings can be expected to sustain damage approximately 10 percent of the replacement cost. C2.3.10.2. Occupants of exposed unstrengthened structures may suffer injury from secondary effects such as building debris. C2.3.10.3. Aircraft in landing and takeoff status may lose control and crash. C2.3.10.4. Parked military and commercial aircraft likely will sustain minor damage due to blast but should remain airworthy. C2.3.10.5. Personnel in the open are not expected to be killed or seriously injured directly by blast. There may be some personnel injuries caused by fragments and debris, depending largely upon the PES structure and amount of ammunition and fragmentation characteristics thereof. C2.3.10.6. Control. The risk of injury or damage due to fragments for limited quantities of explosives at the PES may be reduced by barricading or application of minimum fragment distance requirements. C2.3.11. Inhabited Building Distance 40W1/3 ft - 50W1/3 ft (16Q1/3 - 20Q1/3m) -1.2 psi - 0.90 psi (8.3 kPa - 6.2 kPa) C2.3.11.1. Unstrengthened buildings can be expected to sustain damage up to about 5 percent of the replacement cost. C2.3.11.2. Personnel in buildings are provided a high degree of protection from death or serious injury, with injuries that do occur principally being caused by glass breakage and building debris. C2.3.11.3. Personnel in the open are not expected to be injured seriously directly by the blast. There could be some personnel injuries caused by fragments and debris, depending largely upon the PES structure and amount of ammunition and the fragmentation characteristics thereof. C2.3.11.4. Control. Glass breakage and structural damage can be reduced by means such as orientation, by keeping the surface area of exposed glass panels to a minimum and the use of blast-resistant windows. C2.3.12. Airblast Effects on Personnel. The following describes airblast over-pressure effects to personnel. Effect Dose (psi) 1-percent Eardrum Rupture 3.4 50-percent Eardrum Rupture 16 Threshold Lung Rupture 10 (50 msec duration) 20-30 (3 msec duration) 1-percent Mortality 27 (50 msec duration) 60-70 (3 msec duration) C2.4. PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURES TO AIRBLAST OVERPRESSURE - HAZARD DIVISION 1.1 C2.4.1. 12 psi (82.7 kPa) at 9W1/3 (3.6Q1/3). (Barricading is required.) C2.4.1.1. Buildings housing successive steps of a single production, renovation, or maintenance operation. C2.4.1.2. Security alert force buildings. C2.4.1.3. Facilities of a tactical missile site where greater distances from the PES cannot be provided for technical reasons. C2.4.1.4. Breakrooms and change houses if they are part of an operating line and are used exclusively by personnel employed in operations of the line. C2.4.1.5. Temporary holding areas for trucks or railcars containing explosives to service production or maintenance facilities. C2.4.1.6. Field operations in magazine areas when performing minor maintenance, preservation, packaging, or surveillance inspection. C2.4.1.7. Unmanned auxiliary power facilities, transformer stations, water treatment and pollution abatement facilities, and other utility installations that serve the PES and are not an integral function in the PES, and loss of which would not create an immediate secondary hazard. These applications need not be barricaded. Exception: Unmanned auxiliary power generation or conversion facilities exclusively supplying power to the explosive storage area and security fence lighting may be located at fire protection distance from explosive facilities (50 feet for fire-resistant structures, 100 feet for nonfire-resistant structures). C2.4.1.8. Dunnage preparation and similar support structures housing non-explosives operations if used only by personnel employed at the PES. C2.4.1.9. Service magazines that are part of operating lines. Distances are based on the quantity and type of ammunition or explosives in the service magazine or magazines, not the operating building. C2.4.1.10. Exposures as indicated in the next paragraph if blast suppression and structure hardening provide comparable protection for personnel and equipment involved. C2.4.2. 3.5 psi (24 kPa) at 18W1/3 (7.2Q1/3) C2.4.2.1. Surveillance, maintenance, and inspection buildings and labor intensive operations closely related to the PES. C2.4.2.2. Comfort, safety, and convenience occupied buildings exclusively in support of the PES (such as lunchrooms, motor pools, area offices, auxiliary fire stations, transportation dispatch points, and shipping and receiving buildings (not magazine area loading docks)). C2.4.2.3. Parallel operating lines from one another, whether or not barricaded, provided ammunition and explosives involved in each operating line present similar hazards. The criticality or survivability of one or more of the operating lines may require that each line be given an inhabited building level of protection. C2.4.2.4. Operations and training functions that are manned or attended exclusively by personnel of the unit operating the PES. This includes day rooms, squadron operation offices, and similar functions for units such as individual missile firing batteries, aircraft squadrons, or ammunition supply companies. Training functions permitted this level of exposure (3.5 psi) include organized classroom and field training of personnel who may be required to engage in explosives work at the PES. Maneuver areas, proving ground tracks, and similar facilities for armored vehicles also may be exposed to 3.5 psi (24 kPa) since the vehicle should provide adequate protection to the operators from fragments and debris. C2.4.2.5. Maintenance of military vehicles and equipment when the PES is basic load or ready storage located outside the continental United States (OCONUS) areas, and is limited to 8,820 lb (4,000 kg) or less net explosive quantity (NEQ) at each and when the maintenance work is performed exclusively by and for military personnel of the unit for which the basic load of ammunition is stored. C2.4.2.6. Auxiliary power and utilities functions excluding "cold-iron" facilities, supply, and mechanical support at naval station waterfront areas when not continuously manned, when serving only the waterfront area, and when the PES is a ship or ammunition handling location on the waterfront. This category includes auxiliary power plants; compressor stations; electric power transformers; tool and consumable supplies storage and issue; and handling equipment service, battery charging, and minor repair. When such facilities serve an entire naval station or base complex, or when loss of the facility will cause an immediate loss of vital function, the exposure level must not exceed 1.2 psi (8.3 kPa). C2.4.2.7. Minimum distance between separate groups of explosives loaded combat-configured aircraft or between aircraft and a pre-load or "quick-turn" site that serves to arm the aircraft. The use of intervening barricades is required to reduce further communication and fragment damage and eliminate the necessity for totaling net explosive weight (NEW). Loading ammunition and explosives aboard aircraft can be accomplished with each group of aircraft without additional protection. C2.4.2.8. Service magazines that are part of operating lines. Distances are based on quantity and type of ammunition or explosives in the service magazines, not the operating building. C2.4.2.9. Container stuffing and unstuffing operations that are routine support of PES. This applies only to main support functions set aside for support of ship-loading or manufacturing operations. When the activity is in connection with ship-loading and -unloading and the ES is an ammunition ship, the quantity at the container site shall govern. (Container stuffing and unstuffing in a magazine area are permitted at intermagazine distances.) C2.4.2.10. Between explosive-loaded combat aircraft and those nonexplosives facilities that directly support the servicing and launching of a unit's armed aircraft (that is, activities and their operating facilities that handle ammunition and explosives on the flightline, prepare and service armed aircraft, and those that fly combat aircraft). Direct flightline combat aircraft associated facilities may contain field offices, breakrooms, unit training rooms, and equipment and supply rooms, as well as petroleum, oils, lubricants (POL) hydrant facilities and civil engineer (CE) fire protection stations. Specifically excluded are morale, welfare, and recreation (MWR) facilities; base civil engineering headquarters; industrial facilities, including central base supply. C2.4.3. 2.3 psi (15.8 kPa) at 24W1/3 (9.6Q1/3). Personnel exposed to remotely controlled operations. C2.4.4. 2.3-1.7 psi (15.8-11.7 kPa) at 24-30W1/3 (9.6-12Q1/3) C2.4.4.1. Public traffic routes with medium and low traffic densities as described in C2.5.2.3.3.2. and C2.5.2.3.3.3., below. C2.4.4.2. Open-air recreation facilities where structures are not involved (such as ball diamonds and volleyball courts) used for morale and health purposes at posts, camps, naval stations, air bases, and other operational military activities. When recreation facilities solely are for off-duty military personnel at their posts of duty, neither blast nor fragment Q-D apply. This total relaxation of Q-D requirements applies only when the PES and the ES are related closely as with a security alert force and explosives facilities for which they are responsible. It is not intended that this relaxation be used to encourage the building of elaborate installations that substitute for properly located R&R facilities or that they encourage the colocation of essentially unrelated military functions. C2.4.4.3. Training areas for unprotected military personnel. They include observation points and instruction areas for small arms and artillery firing ranges and similar fixed facilities, including small classrooms, designed for occasional use coincident with use by groups or classes using the range. The separation or other protection is required from permanent magazines and ammunition supply points but not from that ammunition and explosives needed for any particular exercise in order to achieve realism in training nor from explosives in necessary on-the-job training operations for explosives workers. C2.4.4.4. Aircraft passenger loading and unloading areas that do not include any structures. C2.4.5. 1.7 psi (11.7 kPa) at 30W1/3 (12Q1/3). Combat aircraft parking areas exposed to ammunition and explosive storage and operating facilities. C2.4.6. 1.2 - 0.90 psi (8.3 - 6.2 kPa) at 40-50W1/3 (16-20Q1/3) C2.4.6.1. Inhabited buildings, administrative and housing areas. C2.4.6.2. Installation boundaries, unless manifestly inapplicable (unsuitable terrain, Government land not open to the public, and so forth). For locations where installation boundary lines are penetrated by inhabited building Q-D arcs, the Service shall certify that conditions do not exist for the application of inhabited building protection to the encumbered area and shall establish procedures to monitor the area for any change in that status. C2.4.6.3. Athletic fields and other recreation areas when structures are present. C2.4.6.4. Flight-line passenger service functions. C2.4.6.5. Main power houses providing vital utilities to a major portion of an installation. C2.4.6.6. Storehouses and shops that by reason of their vital strategic nature, or high intrinsic value of their contents, should not be placed at risk. C2.4.6.7. Functions that, if momentarily put out of action, would cause an immediate secondary hazard by reason of their failure to function. C2.4.6.8. Public traffic routes with high traffic density as described in C2.5.2.3.3.1., below. C2.5. FRAGMENTS C2.5.1. General C2.5.1.1. An important consideration in the analysis of the hazard associated with an accidental explosion is the effect of the fragments generated by the explosion. These fragments are known as primary or secondary fragments depending on their origin. C2.5.1.2. Primary fragments are formed as a result of the shattering of the explosive container. The container may be the casing of conventional munitions, the kettles, hoppers, and other metal containers used in the manufacture of explosives; the metal housing of rocket engines; and similar items. These fragments usually are small in size and travel initially at velocities of the order of thousands of feet per second. C2.5.1.3. Secondary fragments are formed as a result of high blast pressures on structural components and items in close proximity to the explosion. These fragments are somewhat larger in size than primary fragments and travel initially at velocities in the order of hundreds of feet per second. C2.5.1.4. A hazardous fragment is one having an impact energy of 58 ft-lb (79 joules) or greater. C2.5.2. Minimum Fragment Distances C2.5.2.1. Minimum fragment distances are to protect personnel in the open; firebrand distance minima are to protect facilities. The larger of those distances will be applied to: C2.5.2.1.1. Installation boundaries, unless manifestly inapplicable (unsuitable terrain, government land not open to the public, and so forth). For locations where installation boundary lines are penetrated by inhabited building Q-D arcs, the Service shall certify that conditions do not exist for the application of inhabited building protection to the encumbered area and shall establish procedures to monitor the area for any change in that status. C2.5.2.1.2. Administration and housing areas. C2.5.2.1.3. Athletic and other recreation areas except as described below. C2.5.2.1.4. Flight-line passenger service functions. C2.5.2.1.5. Main powerhouses providing vital utilities to a major portion of the installation. C2.5.2.1.6. Storehouses and shops that by reason of their vital, strategic nature, or the high intrinsic value of their contents, should not be placed at risk. C2.5.2.1.7. Functions that, if momentarily put out of action, will cause an immediate secondary hazard by reason of their failure to function. C2.5.2.1.8. Private vehicles parked in administrative areas. C2.5.2.2. Examples when minimum fragment and firebrand distances need not be applied are: C2.5.2.2.1. Recreation or training facilities if these facilities are for the exclusive use of personnel assigned to the PES. C2.5.2.2.2. Related and support DoD-controlled functions for which intermagazine and intraline distances are the usual protection levels. C2.5.2.2.3. Maintenance, supply, and training facilities, and operations offices for the service of the logistics and operations functions of combat aircraft, Army battalion-size or smaller delivery or ammunition supply units, separate air defense firing batteries, or a single pier or wharf for which the ammunition in the PES is intended. C2.5.2.2.4. Between PES and relatively static inert storage areas, including parking areas for dead storage of military aircraft or vehicles. C2.5.2.2.5. Between facilities in an operating line; between operating lines; and between operating lines and storage locations that normally are separated by inhabited building distances to protect workers and insure against interruption of production. C2.5.2.3. The minimum distance for protection from hazardous fragments shall be based on primary and secondary fragments from the PES and the population and/or traffic density of the ES. Secondary fragments include debris such as that from structural elements of the facility and from non-confining process equipment likely to rupture into enough pieces to significantly contribute to the total number of expected fragments. Primary fragments include items such as those discussed in paragraph C2.5.1.2., above, and those from items listed in Table C9.T2. DDESB approved analyses and/or approved tests may be used to determine minimal distances for both primary and secondary fragments. DDESB Technical Paper No. 13 (reference (b)) is an example of a method to determine minimal distances for building debris. In the absence of appropriate analyses and/or tests, default hazardous debris distances defined below apply. C2.5.2.3.1. For populous locations, i.e., those areas and/or functions identified in subsection C2.4.6., above, where military, civilian employees, dependent and/or public personnel are located, the minimum distance shall be that distance at which fragments, including debris from structural elements of the facility or process equipment, shall not exceed a hazardous fragment density of one hazardous fragment per 600 ft2 (56 m2). If this distance is not known, the following shall apply: C2.5.2.3.1.1. For 100 lbs NEW (45 kg NEQ) or less of demolition explosives, thin-cased or low fragmentation ammunition items, bulk high explosives, pyrotechnics, and in-process explosives of Hazard Division 1.1, the minimum distance to exposures listed in paragraph C2.5.2.1., above, shall be 670 ft (204 m). In the application of this paragraph, alternative distances based on hazards analysis may be used when approved by DDESB. C2.5.2.3.1.2. For all types of Hazard Division 1.1 in quantities of 101 to 30,000 lbs NEW (46 to 13,600 Kg NEQ), the minimum distance shall be 1250 ft (380 m), unless it may be shown that fragments and debris from structural elements of the facility or process equipment shall not present a hazard beyond the distance specified in Table C9.T1. For items that have been evaluated adequately, a different minimum distance such as in Table C9.T2. may be used. (Facilities sited at 1,235 or 1,245 ft in accordance with past standards shall be considered to be in compliance with the 1,250 ft (380 m) minimum requirement.) C2.5.2.3.2. For sparsely populated locations, i.e., those populous locations where the personnel exposure is no greater than addressed in subparagraph C2.5.2.3.2.1. below, the minimum 1,250 ft (380 m) fragment distance may be reduced to 900 ft (270 m) if certain specific conditions exist as follows: C2.5.2.3.2.1. No more than 25 persons are located in any sector bounded by the sides of a 45 degree angle, with the vertex at the PES, and the 900 ft (270 m) and 1,250 ft (380 m) arcs from the PES. C2.5.2.3.2.2. The NEW of the PES does not exceed 11,400 lbs (5,170 kg). C2.5.2.3.3. For public traffic routes, the minimum fragment and debris distance for Hazard Division 1.1 ammunition and explosives shall be based on the traffic density considered at three levels: high traffic density, medium traffic density, and low traffic density. The traffic density shall be averaged over a normal (non-holiday) week in terms of number of passengers during a 24-hour period. Minimum fragment distance reductions based on sparse population considerations addressed in subparagraph C2.5.2.3.2., above, do not apply to public traffic routes. Note: In applying criteria other than the default values given in subparagraphs C2.5.2.3.3.1., C2.5.2.3.3.2., and C2.5.2.3.3.3., below (which are based on car (and rail) speed of 50 mile/hour (80 km/hour), and a ship speed of 10 mile/hour (16 km/hour)), considerations such as the following shall be taken into account to establish acceptable exposure: speed of vehicles, number of passengers per vehicle, protection afforded by the vehicle, variation in daily traffic levels in relation to explosives activities, and seasonal traffic trends. The default value of two passengers per car may be used to estimate traffic density. C2.5.2.3.3.1. High Traffic Density. If routes have 10,000 or more car and/or rail passengers per day, or 2,000 or more ship passengers per day, then inhabited building distance criteria apply (subparagraph C2.5.2.3.1., above). C2.5.2.3.3.2. Medium Traffic Density. If routes have 400 or more, but less than 10,000 car and/or rail passengers per day, or 80 or more, but less than 2,000 ship passengers per day, then 60 percent of the specified minimum fragment distance for inhabited building distance applies. Medium traffic density criteria for minimum fragment distance apply, as a minimum, to recreational activity that is extensive and occurs on a regular basis. C2.5.2.3.3.3. Low Traffic Density. If routes have less than 400 cars and/or rail passengers per day, or less than 80 ship passengers per day, then no minimum fragment distance is required. Minimum distance shall be based on blast criteria (K24/K30) only (subsection C2.4.4., above). C2.5.2.3.4. For other exposures that are permitted at public traffic route separation distances (subsections C2.4.3., C2.4.4., and C2.4.5., above), fragment and debris distance minima for Hazard Division 1.1 ammunition and explosives shall be at least 60 percent of the specified minimum fragment distance for inhabited building distance. C2.6. THERMAL HAZARD C2.6.1. General. The energetic materials used by Department of Defense all produce an exothermic reaction defined either as a deflagration or a detonation. A deflagration is an exothermic reaction that propagates from the burning gases to the unreacted material by conduction, convection, and radiation. In this process, the combustion zone progresses through the material at a rate that is less than the velocity of sound in the unreacted material. In contrast, a detonation is an exothermic reaction that is characterized by the presence of a shock wave in the material that establishes and maintains the reaction. A distinctive difference is that the reaction zone propagates at a rate greater than sound velocity in the unreacted material. Every material capable of detonating has a characteristic velocity that is under fixed conditions of composition, temperature, and density. C2.6.2. Permissible Exposures. Personnel shall be provided protection that will limit thermal fluxes to 0.3 calories per square centimeter per second (12.56 kilowatts per square meter) when hazard assessments indicate the probability of accidental explosions is above an acceptable risk level as determined on a case-by-case basis by the DoD Component concerned. C2.7. GROUND SHOCK C2.7.1. General. Ground shock from explosions in underground facilities may endanger assets in neighboring chambers and produce damage to buildings on the surface. Protection of assets can be achieved by proper chamber separation distance and design. Distance requirements to protect surface structures are dependent upon site specific geological conditions, as well as NEW and chamber loading density. Chapter 9 details quantity-distance requirements for ground shock protection from explosions in underground facilities. C2.7.2. Permissible Exposures. Procedures for predicting ground shock and calculating Q-D to protect facilities are in Chapter 9. C2.8. CHEMICAL AGENT HAZARDS These items are in Chapter 11. C3. CHAPTER 3 HAZARD CLASSIFICATION AND COMPATIBILITY GROUPS C3.1. CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM C3.1.1. To ease identification of hazard characteristics and thus promote safe storage and transport of ammunition and explosives, the Department of Defense shall use the international system of classification devised by the United Nations Organization (UNO) for transport of dangerous goods. Ammunition and explosives also will be assigned the appropriate Department of Transportation (DOT) class and marking in accordance with 49 CFR 173 (reference (c)). C3.1.2. The UNO classification system consists of nine hazard classes, two of which are applicable to ammunition and explosives as defined in this Standard, Classes 1 and 6, (See ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev. 9 (reference (d))). Thirteen compatibility groups are included for segregating ammunition and explosives on the basis of similarity of characteristics, properties, and accident effects potential. C3.1.3. Class 1 is divided into divisions that indicate the character and predominance of associated hazards: C3.1.3.1. Mass-detonating (Division 1). C3.1.3.2. Non-mass detonating fragment producing (Division 2). C3.1.3.3. Mass-fire (Division 3). C3.1.3.4. Moderate fire-no blast (Division 4). C3.1.3.5. Very insensitive explosives (Division 5). C3.1.3.6. Extremely insensitive ammunition (Division 6). C3.1.4. This Standard uses the term "Hazard Division" instead of "Division," both to emphasize the correspondence with the previous term "Hazard Class" and to avoid the cumbersome alternatives "Division 1 of Class 1," and so forth. For further refinement of this hazard identification system, a numerical figure (in parenthesis) is used to indicate the minimum separation distance (in hundreds of feet) for protection from debris, fragments, and firebrands when distance alone is relied on for such protection. This number is placed to the left of the Hazard Division designators 1.1 through 1.3, such as (18)1.1, (08)1.2, and (02)1.3. C3.1.5. Articles that contain riot control substance without explosives components are classified as Class 6, Division 1, in the UNO Recommendations for Transport of Dangerous Goods. For DoD purposes, these articles are considered as Hazard Division 1.4 and may be stored in limited quantities with other base defense munitions. Bulk agent is also Hazard Division 6.1 in the UNO recommendations. C3.2. STORAGE PRINCIPLES C3.2.1. The highest degree of safety in ammunition and explosives storage could be assured if each item or division were stored separately. However, such ideal storage generally is not feasible. A proper balance of safety and other factors frequently requires mixing of several types of ammunition and explosives in storage. C3.2.2. Ammunition and explosives may not be stored together with dissimilar materials or items that present positive hazards to the munitions. Examples are mixed storage of ammunition and explosives with flammable or combustible materials, acids, or corrosives. C3.2.3. Different types, by item and division, of ammunition and explosives may be mixed in storage provided they are compatible. Ammunition and explosives are assigned to a compatibility group (CG) when they can be stored together without increasing significantly either the probability of an accident or, for a given quantity, the magnitude of the effects of such an accident. Considerations that were used in developing the CGs included but were not limited to: C3.2.3.1. Chemical and physical properties. C3.2.3.2. Design characteristics. C3.2.3.3. Inner and outer packing configurations. C3.2.3.4. Quantity-distance (Q-D) division. C3.2.3.5. Net explosive weight (NEW). C3.2.3.6. Rate of deterioration. C3.2.3.7. Sensitivity to initiation. C3.2.3.8. Effects of deflagration, explosion, or detonation. C3.2.4. Subject to application of these standards and particularly to compatibility as defined herein, ammunition and explosives shall be mixed in storage when such mixing will facilitate safe operations and promote overall storage efficiency. Assignment of items to CGs requiring separate storage shall be minimized consistent with actual hazards presented and not based on administrative considerations or end use. C3.2.5. As used in this Standard, the phrase "with its own means of initiation," indicates that the ammunition has its normal initiating device assembled to it and this device is considered to present a significant risk during storage. However, the phrase does not apply when the initiating device is packaged in a manner that eliminates the risk of causing detonation of the ammunition in the event of accidental functioning of the initiating device, or when fuzed end items are so configured and packaged as to prevent arming of the fuzed end items. The initiating device may even be assembled to the ammunition provided its safety features preclude initiation of detonation of the explosives filler of the end item in the event of an accidental functioning of the initiating device. C3.3. COMPATIBLE AMMUNITION AND EXPLOSIVES C3.3.1. Different kinds of explosives may be stored together. However, items in one of the three groups listed below are not necessarily compatible with items in another of the groups: C3.3.1.1. The various kinds of initiating explosives are compatible one with another. C3.3.1.2. The various kinds of propellants are compatible one with another regardless of Q-D division. C3.3.1.3. The various kinds of high explosives (HEs) are compatible one with another. C3.3.2. Different types of ammunition within any one of the following seven groups are compatible and may be stored together: C3.3.2.1. All types of initiating devices. C3.3.2.2. All types of HE ammunition without their own means of initiation and without a propelling charge. C3.3.2.3. All types of HE ammunition without their own means of initiation and with a propelling charge. C3.3.2.4. All types of HE ammunition with their own means of initiation, with or without propelling charge. C3.3.2.5. All pyrotechnics and all types of ammunition containing both explosives and illuminating, incendiary, smoke, or tear-producing agents except: C3.3.2.5.1. Water activated pyrotechnics and ammunition. C3.3.2.5.2. Ammunition containing white phosphorus (WP), flammable liquids, or gas. C3.3.2.6. All types of ammunition containing both explosives and WP. C3.3.2.7. All types of ammunition containing both explosives and flammable liquids or gels. C3.3.3. Ammunition items in one of the groups in subsection C3.3.2., above, generally are not compatible with items in other groups. C3.3.4. Bulk propellants and explosives may be stored with ammunition containing like materials: C3.3.4.1. Bulk propellants are compatible with propelling charges without projectiles, and cartridges with solid or inert projectiles. C3.3.4.2. Bulk HE are compatible with HE ammunition without its own means of initiation and without a propelling charge. C3.3.5. Ammunition and explosives in substandard or damaged packaging, in a suspect condition, or with characteristics that increase the risk in storage, are not compatible with other ammunition and explosives and shall be stored separately. C3.4. STORAGE AND COMPATIBILITY GROUPS (CGs) In view of ammunition and explosives storage principles and the considerations for mixed storage, ammunition and explosives are assigned to the appropriate one of 13 CGs (A through H, J, K, L, N, and S). C3.4.1. Group A. Initiating explosives. Bulk initiating explosives that have the necessary sensitivity to heat, friction, or percussion to make them suitable for use as initiating elements in an explosive train. Examples are wet lead azide, wet lead styphnate, wet mercury fulminate, wet tetracene, dry cyclonite (RDX), and dry pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). C3.4.2. Group B. Detonators and similar initiating devices not containing two or more independent safety features. Items containing initiating explosives that are designed to initiate or continue the functioning of an explosive train. Examples are detonators, blasting caps, small arms primers, and fuzes. C3.4.3. Group C. Bulk propellants, propelling charges, and devices containing propellant with or without their means of ignition. Items that upon initiation will deflagrate, explode, or detonate. Examples are single-, double-, triple-base, and composite propellants, rocket motors (solid propellant), and ammunition with inert projectiles. C3.4.4. Group D. Black powder, HE, and ammunition containing HE without its own means of initiation and without propelling charge, or a device containing an initiating explosive and containing two or more independent safety features. Ammunition and explosives that can be expected to explode or detonate when any given item or component thereof is initiated except for devices containing initiating explosives with independent safety features. Examples are bulk trinitrotoluene (TNT), Composition B, black powder, wet RDX or PETN, bombs, projectiles, cluster bomb units (CBUs), depth charges, and torpedo warheads. C3.4.5. Group E. Ammunition containing HE without its own means of initiation and containing or with propelling charge (other than one containing a flammable or hypergolic liquid). Examples are artillery ammunition, rockets, or guided missiles. C3.4.6. Group F. Ammunition containing HE with its own means of initiation and with propelling charge (other than one containing a flammable or hypergolic liquid) or without a propelling charge. C3.4.7. Group G. Fireworks, illuminating, incendiary, and smoke, including hexachlorethane (HC) or tear producing munitions other than those munitions that are water activated or which contain WP or flammable liquid or gel. Ammunition that, upon functioning, results in an incendiary, illumination, lachrymatory, smoke, or sound effect. Examples are flares, signals, incendiary or illuminating ammunition, and other smoke or tear producing devices. C3.4.8. Group H. Ammunition containing both explosives and WP or other pyrophoric material. Ammunition in this group contains fillers which are spontaneously flammable when exposed to the atmosphere. Examples are WP, plasticized white phosphorus (PWP), or other ammunition containing pyrophoric material. C3.4.9. Group J. Ammunition containing both explosives and flammable liquids or gels. Ammunition in this group contains flammable liquids or gels other than those which are spontaneously flammable when exposed to water or the atmosphere. Examples are liquid- or gel-filled incendiary ammunition, fuel-air explosive (FAE) devices, flammable liquid-fueled missiles, and torpedoes. C3.4.10. Group K. Ammunition containing both explosives and toxic chemical agents. Ammunition in this group contains chemicals specifically designed for incapacitating effects more severe than lachrymation. Examples are artillery or mortar ammunition (fuzed or unfuzed), grenades, and rockets or bombs filled with a lethal or incapacitating chemical agent (see note 4, Table C3.T1.). C3.4.11. Group L. Ammunition not included in other compatibility groups. Ammunition having characteristics that do not permit storage with other types of ammunition, or kinds of explosives, or dissimilar ammunition of this group. Examples are water-activated devices, prepackaged hypergolic liquid-fueled rocket engines, certain FAE devices, triethyl aluminum (TEA), and damaged or suspect ammunition of any group. Types presenting similar hazards may be stored together but not mixed with other groups. C3.4.12. Group N. Hazard Division 1.6 ammunition containing only extremely insensitive detonating substance (EIDS). Examples are bombs and warheads. If dissimilar Group N munitions, such as Mk 82 and Mk 84 Bombs, are mixed together and have not been tested to assure non-propagation; the mixed munitions are considered to be Hazard Division 1.2, Compatibility Group D for purposes of transportation and storage. C3.4.13. Group S. Ammunition presenting no significant hazard. Ammunition so packaged or designed that any hazardous effects arising from accidental functioning are confined within the package unless the package has been degraded by fire, in which case all blast or projection effects are limited to the extent that they do not hinder firefighting significantly. Examples are thermal batteries, explosive switches or valves, and other ammunition items packaged to meet the criteria of this group. C3.5. MIXED STORAGE C3.5.1. Except as noted in subsection C3.5.2., below, ammunition and explosives of different compatibility groups may only be mixed in storage as indicated in Table C3.T1. C3.5.2. Certain continental United States (CONUS) locations that are designated by a DoD Component, and site approved by the DDESB, to store ammunition and explosives packaged in configurations for rapid response; e.g., Rapid Deployment Force, are authorized to mix compatibility groups as required to achieve the optimum load needed by the receiving troops. The maximum credible event at any of these storage sites shall be limited to 8820 lbs NEW (4000 kg NEQ).1 For the determination of the NEW at above grade storage sites, the following explosives shall be excluded: C3.5.2.1. Propelling charges in Hazard Division 1.2 fixed, semifixed, mortar, and rocket ammunition. C3.5.2.2. The quantity of explosives in Hazard Division 1.3 items, unless the site contains only Hazard Division 1.3, in which case Hazard Division 1.3 Q-D apply. In the application of this paragraph to separate loading ammunition, an equal number of propelling charges may be stored with the separate loading projectiles. C3.5.2.3. The Q-D requirements in Chapter 9 shall be applied to the storage locations addressed in subsection C3.5.2. above. 1 See Chapter 10 for application. Table C3.T1. Storage Compatibility Mixing Chart. Groups A B C D E F G H J K L N S A B C D E X Z Z X Z Z Z Z X X X Z X X X Z X X X Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z X X X X X X X X F G H J K Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z X Z Z X X X Z Z Z X X X X L N S X X X X X X X X Z X Z X X X X X X X Notes for Table C3.T1.: 1. The marking "X" at an intersection of the above chart indicates that these groups may be combined in storage. Otherwise, mixing is either prohibited or restricted according to Note 2, below. 2. The marking "Z" at an intersection of the above chart indicates that when warranted by operational considerations or magazine nonavailability, and when safety is not sacrificed, logical mixed storage of limited quantities of some items of different groups may be approved. These relaxations involving mixed storage shall be approved by the DoD Component and are not considered waivers. Combinations that violate the principles of subsection C3.2.3., above, require justification by a waiver or exemption. Items from Group B or Group F shall be segregated from articles of other compatibily groups by means that prevent propagation of fire or detonation. Examples of acceptable combinations are: a. Hazard Division 1.1, Group A, initiating explosives with Hazard Division 1.1, Group B, fuzes not containing two or more independent safety features. b. Hazard Division 1.3, Group C, bulk propellants or bagged propelling charges with Hazard Division 1.3, Group G, pyrotechnics, without their own means of initiation. 3. Equal numbers of separately packaged components of complete rounds of any single type of ammunition may be stored together. When so stored, compatibility is that of the assembled round, that is, WP filler in Group H, HE filler in Groups D, E, or F, as appropriate. 4. Group K requires not only separate storage from other groups, but also may require separate storage within the group. The controlling DoD Component shall determine which items under Group K may be stored together and those which must be stored separately. 5. Ammunition items without explosives that contain substances properly belonging to another U.N. hazard class may be assigned to the same compatibility group as items containing explosives and the same substance, and be stored with them. 6. DoD Components may authorize ammunition designated "Practice" by National Stock Number (NSN) and nomenclature to be stored with the fully loaded ammunition it simulates. 7. DoD Components may authorize the mixing of compatibility groups, except items in Groups A, K and L in limited quantities (generally 1000 lbs or less). 8. For purposes of mixing, all items must be packaged in approved storage/shipping containers. Items shall not be opened for purposes of issuing unpackaged munitions in storage locations. Outer containers may be opened in storage locations for purposes of inventorying; for removing munitions still inside an approved inner package in limited amounts; and for magazines storing only Hazard Division 1.4 items, unpacking inspecting, and repacking the Hazard Division 1.4 ammunition. 9. When using the "Z" mixing authorized by Note 2, articles of either compatibility Group B or F, each shall be segregated in storage from articles of other compatibility groups by means that prevent the propagation of Group B or F articles to articles of other compatibility groups. 10. If dissimilar Hazard Division 1.6, Group N munitions, such as Mk 82 and Mk 84 Bombs, are mixed together and have not been tested to assure non-propagation; the mixed munitions are considered to be Hazard Division 1.2, Compatibility Group D for purposes of transportation and storage. When mixing Group N munitions with Groups B through G, see Chapter 9, paragraphs C9.2.1.8. through C9.2.1.10. about changing Q-D hazard divisions. C3.6. UNDERGROUND STORAGE Ammunition with smoke producing, incendiary, flammable liquid or toxic chemical agent fillers may be stored in single chamber underground facilities, but shall not be stored in multi-chamber facilities. Other than this restriction, ammunition and explosives of all compatibility groups may be placed in underground storage in compatible combinations as permitted above. C3.7. EXPLOSIVES HAZARD CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURES DoD Explosives Hazard Classification Procedures (DLAR 8220.1, TB 700-2, NAVSEAINST 8020.8A, and TO 11A-1-47, reference (e)) shall be used as a basis for assignment of hazard divisions to all ammunition and explosives except those that are candidates for designation as extremely insensitive detonating substances (EIDS) and EIDS ammunition. EIDS and EIDS ammunition shall be assigned to hazard divisions as indicated in section C3.12., below. C3.8. EIDS AND EIDS AMMUNITION C3.8.1. EIDS comprises Hazard Division 1.5 type explosive substances that, although mass detonating, are so insensitive that there is negligible probability of initiation or transition from burning to detonation in storage. C3.8.2. EIDS ammunition, Hazard Division 1.6, is ammunition that contains EIDS and that has demonstrated through test results (section C3.12., below) that the mass and confinement effects of the ammunition case are negligible on the probability of initiation or transition from burning to detonation of the EIDS in transport or storage. Such ammunition when intentionally initiated will be incapable of transferring detonation to another (that is, propagating). C3.9. TEST PROCEDURES DOCUMENTS ST/SG/AC.10/11/Revision 2 (reference (f)) sets forth procedures to be used in the EIDS and EIDS ammunition (Hazard Division 1.6) testing required by sections C3.10. through C3.12., below. C3.10. SCREENING TESTS FOR EIDS Substances that are candidates for the designation as EIDS shall be subjected to the screening tests given by Test Series 3 in DLAR 8220.1, TB 700-2, NAVSEAINST 8020.8A, TO 11A-1-47 (reference (e)) and specified in Table C3.T2. Failure to achieve required results in a single test disqualifies the substance as a candidate EIDS. Table C3.T2. Test Procedures. Test Test Procedure Number Required Results Bureau of Explosives Machine Test 3(a)(i) Pass drop height of 101.6 mm (4.0 in) ABL Friction Test 3(b)(iii) No reaction Thermal Stability Test at 75°C 3(c) No reaction Small Scale Burning Test 3(d)(i) No detonation or explosion C3.11. REQUIRED TESTS FOR EIDS Substances judged on the basis of screening test results stated in section C3.10., above, to be legitimate candidates for designation as EIDS shall be subjected to tests specified in Table C3.T3. Required results for all tests as stated shall be achieved for designation as EIDS. Table C3.T3. EIDS Tests. Test UN Test Number 1 No. of Trials Sample Failure Criteria Note 1: Detailed test descriptions are provided in Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Tests and Criteria (reference (f)). EIDS Cap 7(a) 3 80 mm diameter 160 mm length Detonation EIDS Gap 7(b) 3 73 mm diameter 280 mm length Detonation Susan Impact 7(c)(i) 5 51 mm diameter 102 mm length 27kPa at 3.05 m for 333 m/s impact EIDS Bullet Impact 7(d)(i) 6 45 mm diameter 200 mm length Explosion or detonation EIDS External Fire 7(e) 3 45 mm diameter 200 mm length 5 samples/test Detonation and/or >15 m debris throw EIDS Slow Cook-off 7(f) 3 45 mm diameter 200 mm length Detonation and or >3 fragments C3.12. REQUIRED TESTS FOR EIDS AMMUNITION (HAZARD DIVISION 1.6) To be classified as EIDS ammunition, ammunition containing EIDS in storage and/or transport configuration must be subjected to tests specified in Table C3.T4. and achieve required results for all tests as stated. In addition, it must be demonstrated by actual test that intentional detonation of one item will be incapable of propagating detonation to another like item. Table C3.T4. EIDS Ammunition (Hazard Division 1.6) Tests. Test UN Test No1 No of Trials Stimulus Failure Criteria Notes: 1. Detailed test descriptions are provided in Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Tests and Criteria (reference (f)). 2. The energetic material may ignite and burn and the case may melt or weaken sufficiently to allow mild release of combustion gases. Case closures may be thrown no more than 15 m. 3. U.S. implementation of the test requires confinement equivalent to the more severe conditions of storage or transport configuration for two tests. One test is conducted without confinement to allow collections of fragment and airblast data. 1.6 Article External Fire 7(g) 1 3 or more articles in open wood or fuel fire Hazard Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 response 1.6 Article Slow Cook-off 7(h) 2 Gradually increasing thermal environment up to 365oC No reaction more severe than burning2 1.6 Article Bullet Impact 7(j) 3 0.50 cal AP ammo fired at service velocity in 3-round burst Detonation 1.6 Article Stack Test 7(k)3 3 Detonate all-up article in shipping or storage configuration containing 3 or more rounds No propagation of detonation C3.13. HAZARD CLASSIFICATION AND COMPATIBILITY GROUPS Table C3.T5. provides examples of the relationship between compatibility groups, Q-D divisions, and DOT classes for items classified in accordance with DLAR 8220.1, TB 700-2, NAVSEAINST 8020.8A, TO 11A-1-47 (reference (e)). Table C3.T6. assigns Q-D divisions and CGs to substances qualified as EIDS under the provisions of section C3.11., above, and ammunition qualified as EIDS ammunition under provisions of section C3.12., above. C3.14. CLASSES 1 OR 6 CHEMICAL AGENT HAZARDS OR COMBINED CHEMICAL AGENT AND EXPLOSIVES HAZARDS Items in these classes are chemical agent-filled ammunition, chemical agents, and chemical agent-filled components. Depending upon the type of agent, its persistency, toxicity, or other characteristics, the primary safety consideration may be the area of agent dispersal rather than blast or fragment distance that usually control in the case of other ammunition. Items that contain only toxic chemical components are assigned to Hazard Division 6.1. Items that contain both explosives and toxic chemical components are assigned to Hazard Divisions 1.1 through 1.4, as appropriate. Hazard Division 6.1 requirements shall also be applied so that the explosives and toxic chemical hazards both are considered. Table C3.T5. Hazard Classifications/Compatibility Groups. Items CG DoD Q-D Hazard Division Old DoT Class (Note 1) Note 1: See 49 CFR 173 (reference (c)), current version. 1. Initiating Explosives A 1 A 2. Detonators and similar initiating devices B 1, 2, or 4 A or C 3. Bulk propellants, propelling charges, and devices containing propellant with or without means of initiation C 1, 2, 3, or 4 A, B, or C 4. EIDS, black powder, high explosives, and HE ammunition without its own means of initiation and without a propelling charge D 1, 2, or 5 A 5. HE ammunition with its own means of initiation, with a propelling charge E 1 or 2 A 6. HE ammunition with its own means of initiation with or without a propelling charge F 1 or 2 A 7. Fireworks and illuminating, incendiary, smoke, or tear producing ammunition other than ammunition that is activated by exposure to water or the atmosphere G 1, 2, 3, or 4 A, B, or C 8. Ammunition containing both explosives and white phosphorus or other pyrophoric material H 2 or 3 A or B 9. Ammunition containing both explosives and flammable liquid or gel filler J 3 B 10. Ammunition containing both explosives and toxic chemical agent K 2 A 11. Ammunition not included in other groups, requiring separate storage L 1, 2, 3, or 4 A, B, or C 12. Ammunition containing only EIDS N 6 13. Ammunition that presents no significant hazards S 4 or none C or exempt Table C3.T6. EIDS and EIDS Ammunition Hazard Divisions. EIDS and EIDS Ammunition Hazard Classification Notes: 1. "EIDS Fuzed" means that the fuze has an EIDS booster with an out-of-line EIDS explosive and two or more independent safety features. The fuze must be certified as invulnerable to accidental detonation of the warhead. 2. Fuzed configuration must be tested for propagation. Fuzed Hazard Division 1.6 ammunition must contain either an EIDS fuze or a non-explosive fuze (fuze contains no explosive); otherwise the ammunition is classified as unit risk Hazard Division 1.2. 3. Unit risk Hazard Division 1.2 may be justified on a case-by-case basis. 4. Fuze must have two or more independent safety features and independently classified Group D. EIDS bulk 1.5D EIDS Loaded projectiles and/or warheads w/o fuzes or with EIDS fuzes1, 2 1.6N EIDS fuzes1 1.4D, 1.4S, 1.6N EIDS loaded projectiles and/or warheads w/1.3 propelling charges and without fuzes or with EIDS fuzes1, 2 1.2C, 1.3C, 1.4C EIDS loaded projectiles and/or warheads with non-EIDS fuzes and without 1.3 propelling charges 1.2D3, 4, 1.4D4 EIDS loaded projectiles and/or warheads with non-EIDS2,4 fuzes and with 1.3 propelling charges 1.2E3, 4, 1.4E4 C4. CHAPTER 4 PERSONNEL PROTECTION C4.1. SCOPE AND APPLICATION This Chapter establishes blast, fragment, and thermal hazards protection principles and applies to all operations and operational facilities where personnel are exposed to ammunition and explosives hazards during industrial, processing, manufacturing, maintenance, renovation, demilitarization and similar operations. Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions (TM 5-1300, NAVFAC P-397, AFM 88-22 (reference (g))) details design procedures to achieve personnel protection as required by this Chapter; protect facilities and equipment from damage by blast, fragments, and debris; and prevent propagation of explosions. C4.2. HAZARD ASSESSMENT C4.2.1. Assessment of risk shall be performed on all new or modified industrial operations and facilities involving ammunition and explosives. Based upon this assessment, engineering design criteria for the facility or operation shall be developed for use in the selection of appropriate equipment, shielding, engineering controls, and protective clothing for personnel. The assessment shall include such factors as: C4.2.1.1. Initiation sensitivity. C4.2.1.2. Quantity of materials. C4.2.1.3. Heat output. C4.2.1.4. Rate of burning. C4.2.1.5. Potential ignition and initiation sources. C4.2.1.6. Protection capabilities of shields, various types of clothing, and fire protection systems. C4.2.1.7. Personnel exposure with special consideration. C4.2.2. New or modified buildings sited within any explosives inhabited building Q-D arc that have glass panels and that contain personnel shall receive a glass breakage personnel hazard risk assessment. C4.3. PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURES C4.3.1. Accidental Ignition/Initiation of Explosives C4.3.1.1. Personnel shall be provided protection from potential blast overpressures, hazardous fragments, and thermal effects with attendant respiratory and circulatory hazards, when assessments performed in compliance with section C4.2., above, indicate the probability of an accidental explosion with attendant overpressures, and hazardous fragments, or an accidental flash fire with attendant thermal hazards is above an acceptable risk level as determined on a case-by-case basis by the DoD Component concerned. C4.3.1.2. When required by paragraph C4.3.1.1., above, protection afforded all personnel must be capable of limiting incident blast overpressure to 2.3 psi, fragments to energies of less than 58 ft-lb, and thermal fluxes to 0.3 calories per square centimeter per second. Those protection levels shall be certified through analysis for cases where personnel are at distances less than K24 or for situations where personnel exposure criteria are obviously exceeded. Shields complying with MIL-STD-398 (reference (h)) are acceptable protection. C4.3.2. Intentional Ignition/Initiation of Explosives. At operations where intentional ignition/initiation of explosives are conducted, such as function, proof, lot acceptance, testing, and so forth, and where shielding is required as determined on a case-by-case basis by the DoD Component concerned, protection afforded all personnel will meet the requirements of paragraph C4.3.1.2., above, and must also be capable of limiting overpressure levels in personnel-occupied areas to satisfy MIL-STD-1474C (reference (i)), containing all fragments, and limiting thermal flux to: Q (calories/square centimeter/second) = 0.62t-0.7423 where t is the time in seconds that a person is exposed to the radiant heat. Shields complying with MIL-STD-398 (reference (h)) are acceptable protection. C4.4. PROTECTIVE MEASURES Personnel protection requirements of section C4.3., above, may be achieved in one or more of the following ways: C4.4.1. Elimination or positive control of ignition and initiation stimuli. C4.4.2. Sufficient distance or barricades to protect from blast or fragments. C4.4.3. In those areas of facilities where exposed thermally energetic materials are handled that have a high probability of ignition and a large thermal output as indicated by hazard assessments performed in compliance with section C4.2., above, a fire detection and extinguishing system that is sufficiently quick-acting and of adequate capacity to extinguish potential flash fires in their incipient state will protect both personnel and property. Design and installation of the system must maximize speed of detection and application of the extinguishing agent. C4.4.4. In ammunition operational areas where it is essential for personnel to be present, and the hazard assessment indicates that an in-process thermal hazard exists, use of thermal shielding between the thermal source and personnel is an acceptable means of protection. If shields are used, they shall comply with MIL-STD-398 (reference (h)). If shielding is not possible, or if that provided is inadequate for protection of exposed personnel, including their respiratory and circulatory systems, augmentation with improved facility engineering design, personnel protective clothing and equipment may be necessary. C4.4.5. Thermal protective clothing must be capable of limiting bodily injury to first degree burns (0.3 calories per square centimeter per second with personnel taking turning-evasive action) when the maximum quantity of combustible material used in the operation is ignited. C4.4.6. Protective clothing selected must be capable of providing respiratory protection from the inhalation of hot vapors and toxicological effects when the hazard assessment indicates adverse effects would be encountered from the inhalation of combustion products. C4.4.7. Personnel hazards from glass breakage can be minimized by means such as building orientation and/or keeping the number of exposed glass panels and panel size to a minimum. When window panels are necessary and risk assessment determines a glass hazard will be present, blast-resistant windows must be used. The framing and/or sash of such panels must be of sufficient strength to retain the panel in the structure. C5. CHAPTER 5 FACILITIES CONSTRUCTION AND SITING C5.1. GENERAL Construction features and location are important safety considerations in planning facilities that are to be a PES or exposed to the damaging effects of potential explosions; i.e., an ES. The effects of potential explosions may be altered significantly by construction features that limit the amount of explosives involved, attenuate resultant blast overpressure or thermal radiation, and reduce the quantity and range of hazardous fragments and debris. Proper location of exposed sites in relations to PESs ensures against unacceptable damage and injuries in the event of an incident. This Chapter contains siting and construction standards to be used within the Department of Defense. C5.2. AMMUNITION AND EXPLOSIVES STORAGE FACILITIES C5.2.1. Earth-Covered Magazines (ECM). The primary objective of an earth-covered magazine is to provide protection for its assets. To qualify for the default intermagazine distances in Table C9.T5., a magazine, acting as an ES, must not collapse. Substantial plastic deformation of the magazine may occur. However, deflections should be limited within the air gap around the stored assets so that the deformed structure or its doors(s) do not strike the contents. Due to their extreme sensitivities, special protective precautions must be taken for compatibility group (CG) B explosive materials. C5.2.1.1. Default intermagazine siting criteria for ECMs are listed in Table C9.T5. Magazines with headwall and blast door hardnesses of "7-Bar," "3-Bar," and "Undefined" are shown. All ECMs in Table C9.T5. have the same earth-cover requirements. C5.2.1.1.1. Design Load for Rear Walls, Arches, and Roofs C5.2.1.1.1.1. The arch of an arch-shaped magazine need only be designed to support the conventional dead loads. C5.2.1.1.1.2. The roof of a flat-roofed magazine must be designed for both dead loads and dynamic, blast-induced loads. C5.2.1.1.1.3. The rear wall of a magazine must be designed for both dead loads and dynamic, blast-induced loads. C5.2.1.1.2. Design Load for Head Walls and Doors C5.2.1.1.2.1. The expected blast load on the head wall and doors of an ES magazine oriented side-on to the side of a PES at a 1.25 W1/3 distance (feet) is a triangular pulse of 3 bars (45 psi) with a duration of about 0.768 W1/3 (ms). C5.2.1.1.2.2. The expected blast load on the head wall and doors of an ES magazine oriented head-on to the rear of a PES at a 2 W1/3 distance (feet) is a triangular pulse of 7 bars (100 psi) with a duration of about 0.768 W1/3 (ms). C5.2.1.2. ECMs in the following list, or ECMs that have equivalent hardness to those in the list, may be sited as 7-Bar ECMs for NEWs up to 500,000 pounds in accordance with Table C9.T5. C5.2.1.2.1. Reinforced concrete, arch-type, ECMs whose construction is at least equivalent in strength to the requirements of The Office of Chief of Engineers (OCE), Department of the Army, drawings 652-686 through 652-693, December 27, 1941, as revised March 14, 1942, 33-15-06, Europe Dist. 33-15-16, 33-15-58 (atomic blast resistant), 33-15-61, and 33-15-74. For new construction use drawings 33-15-74. C5.2.1.2.2. Magazines constructed according to Navy drawings 357428 through 357430, August 9, 1944, and modified in accordance with NAVFAC drawing 626739, March 19, 1954; and NAVFAC drawings 627954 through 627957, 764597, 658384 through 658388, 724368, 751861, 764596, 793746, and 793747. For new construction use NAVFAC drawings 1404310 through 1404324, September 12, 1983. C5.2.1.2.3. Box-type A magazines constructed according to NAVFAC drawings 1404000 through 1404007; box-type B magazines constructed according to NAVFAC drawings 1404018 through 1404025. C5.2.1.2.4. Earth-covered, corrugated steel, arch-type magazines at least equivalent in strength to those shown on Army OCE drawings numbered AW 33-15-63, March 5, 1963; AW 33-15-64, May 10, 1963; 33-15-65, January 10, 1963; and NAVFAC drawings numbered 1059128-30, 1059132, 1069906, and 1355460-61. OCE 33-15-73 (oval 1-ga steel arch) and NAVFAC drawings 1404026-1404034 (oval 1-ga steel arch) are no longer approved for new construction. However, existing magazines are considered as 7 Bar magazines. Magazines described in Air Force definitive drawings AS 33-15-67R2, AD 33-15-68R2, AD 33-15-69R2 and AD 33-15-70R1 (constructed in accordance with drawings AW 33-15-63 and AW 33-15-64) may be sited as 7 Bar magazines. For new construction of large magazines of this type use the earth-covered steel, semi-circular-arch magazine design shown on Army OCE drawing number 421-80-01, and for new construction of smaller magazines of this type use OCE drawing number 33-15-65. C5.2.1.2.5. Earth-covered Circular Composite Arch Magazine described in NAVFAC drawing numbers 1404375 through 1404389, October 31, 1985, and the Earth-covered Oval Composite Arch Magazine described in NAVFAC drawing numbers 1404390 through 1404398, October 31, 1985. C5.2.1.3. NAVFAC box-type C, D, E and F ECMs, or ECMs that have equivalent hardness to those in the list, may be sited as 7-Bar ECMs for NEWs up to 350,000 pounds in accordance with Table C9.T5. C5.2.1.4. ECMs whose headwalls and blast doors have hardnesses of 3-Bars may be sited in accordance with the appropriate columns in Table C9.T5. for NEWs up to 500,000 pounds. C5.2.1.5. ECMs in the following list, or ECMs that have equivalent hardness to those in the list, may be sited as magazines of undefined hardness for NEWs up to 500,000 pounds in accordance with Table C9.T5. Presently approved sitings for explosives weights not exceeding 250,000 pounds remain valid. Future sitings must reflect the appropriate criteria in Table C9.T5. C5.2.1.5.1. Any ECM of undefined or unknown strength. C5.2.1.5.2. Magazines constructed in accordance with NAVFAC drawings 649602 through 649605, 793748 and 803060. C5.2.2. Barricaded Open-Storage Modules C5.2.2.1. As depicted in Figure C5.F1., a module is a barricaded area comprised of a series of connected cells with hard surface storage pads separated from each other by barricades. A light metal shed or other lightweight fire-retardant cover may be used for weather protection for individual cells. Heavy structures (reinforced concrete, dense masonry units) or flammable material will not be used. C5.2.2.2. Module storage (open storage) is a temporary expedient and may be used as determined necessary by the DoD Component concerned. However, from the standpoint of explosives safety as well as reliability, priority shall be given to covered storage (igloos) for items requiring protection from the elements or long-term storage. C5.2.2.3. The maximum NEW permitted to be stored within each cell is 250,000 lbs (total of the explosives fill of all Hazard Division 1.1 or 1.2 ammunition). C5.2.2.4. Authorized Storage C5.2.2.4.1. The items that may be stored in modules are limited to HE bombs (fuzed or unfuzed, with or without fins), similarly cased Hazard Division 1.1 ammunition, and the following contained in nonflammable or metal shipping containers: 30 mm and smaller ammunition, CBUs, inert munitions components, and Hazard Division 1.4 munitions. C5.2.2.4.2. Stocks in each module normally shall be limited to one type of item in the standard shipping configuration unless mixed storage is authorized by the DoD Component concerned. C5.2.2.4.3. Module storage of ammunition in flammable outer-pack configurations shall be minimized. Combustible dunnage or other flammable material shall not be stored in or within 100 feet of modules. C5.2.2.4.4. When fire retardant tarpaulins are used to cover ammunition in modules, ventilation shall be provided between the tarpaulin and the stored ammunition. C5.2.2.5. Barricade Requirements C5.2.2.5.1. All barricades used in forming the module and its cells shall meet the requirements specified in section C5.3., below. Minimum barricade height required above the top of the stack is influenced by the width or length of the stack (storage pad size) and the distance between the stack and the top of the barricade. Heights in Table C5.T1. represent the minimum requirement for barricade locations based upon storage pad sizes and separations shown. When feasible, barricade heights shall be increased by using a 5° angle above the horizontal instead of the 2° shown in Figure C5.F1. (Reference paragraph C5.3.3.1., below.) C5.2.2.5.2. The centerlines of barricades between cells of the module shall be located at a point halfway between adjacent munitions storage pads. Back and end (outside) barricades shall be located at the same distance from the pads as those between the cells. Figure C5.F1. Typical Eight-cell Module. Table C5.T1. Intermagazine Separation for Barricaded Storage Module for Mass-Detonation Explosives. Net Pounds of Explosives Minimum Explosives-to- Explosives Distance in Feet (Barricaded) Between Cells & Modules D = 1.1W1/3 Barricaded Height Based Upon Storage Pad Size Cell Storage Pad Size (Width or Depth) in ft.1 Minimum Height Above Top of Stack in ft. Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Note 1: The barricade height above the explosives stack shown in Column 4 will be increased 6 inches for each 10 ft increase in width or depth of the pad size shown in Column 3. 50,000 40 30 2 100,000 50 30 2 125,000 55 30 2 150,000 60 30 2 175,000 60 30 2 200,000 65 30 2 200,000 65 40 2 1/2 225,000 65 40 2 1/2 250,000 70 40 2 1/2 250,000 70 50 3 C5.2.2.5.3. Maximum advantage shall be taken of natural barriers existing in the topography in siting these modules. If natural barriers are used to substitute for a portion of the module barricade, the protection provided shall be at least equivalent to that of the barricade. C5.2.2.6. Cell storage pad size may be as required to accommodate stocks. Table C5.T1. gives minimum pad sizes necessary to handle most items in the explosives quantities given. Storage pads shall be hard-surfaced, if possible, in order to lessen the effects of earth shock from an accidental explosion. No restrictions are imposed upon the arrangement of cells within a module or upon the arrangements of groups of modules, except that cell openings may not face toward each other unless they are barricaded or meet the standard Q-D criteria for unbarricaded aboveground magazines. C5.2.2.7. Siting Criteria C5.2.2.7.1. Separation Between Cells and Modules. Distance between the nearest edges of stacks of munitions in adjacent cells and modules shall be as shown for appropriate explosives weights in Table C5.T1. When cell explosives loadings are established for weights other than those shown, minimum distances between stacks shall be determined by the formula distance = 1.1 times the cube root of the NEW in pounds (D = 1.1W1/3). C5.2.2.7.2. Separation Between Modules and All Other Targets C5.2.2.7.2.1. Distance between a module and other magazines shall be determined by applying the intermagazine distances specified in Table C9.T5. C5.2.2.7.2.2. Distances between the explosives in the cells of a module and all other targets shall be determined upon the basis of the NEW of single cells. Distances shall be measured between the nearest edge of the munitions stack in the "controlling" cell and the nearest point of the target concerned (see subsection C9.2.2.6. of Chapter 9). C5.2.3. Underground Magazines. No specific limitation on NEW applies to these facilities or to individual chambers within facilities. Explosives limits will be based upon equations or table values in section C9.7., Chapter 9. C5.2.4. Other Magazines. Existing magazines described by definitive drawings and specifically approved for the purpose by DoD Components are approved for storage of ammunition and explosives. Prior DDESB safety review and approval (section C5.6., below) are required for new types of ammunition and explosives storage facilities and for existing facilities first being proposed for use in storing ammunition and explosives. C5.2.5. Magazine Siting Requirements. Magazines are sited relative to each other (that is, intermagazine distance) so that communication of explosion from one to another is unlikely. Actual siting requirements are influenced both by the construction features of the magazines and the types and quantities of ammunition and explosives they contain. C5.2.5.1. If the specified thickness and slope of earth on magazines, as described in paragraph C5.3.2.2., below, are not maintained, the magazine will be sited as an Unbarricaded, Aboveground Magazine. C5.2.5.2. Magazines must not be structurally weakened such that their asset protection capability is reduced. C5.2.5.3. The DoD Component performing a siting or analysis is to determine if the construction of a magazine being sited is equivalent to the requirements indicated on applicable drawings. C5.2.5.4. New construction of earth-covered magazines must meet the minimum requirements of the current revisions of the drawings listed in paragraphs C5.2.1.2. and C5.2.1.3., above. C5.3. BARRICADES AND EARTH COVER FOR MAGAZINES C5.3.1. General C5.3.1.1. Properly constructed and sited barricades or undisturbed natural earth have explosives safety applications for protecting against low-angle fragments and for reducing shock overpressure loads near the barricade. If the barricade is destroyed in the process of providing that protection, then fragments from the destroyed barricade must also be considered as part of a hazards analysis. C5.3.1.2. To reduce hazards from hight-velocity, low-angle fragments, the barricade must be placed between the PES and the ES so that the fragments of concern impact the barricade before the ES. The barricade must be thick enough so that it reduces fragment velocities to acceptable levels and it must be high enough so that it intercepts the ballistic trajectories of the fragments of concern. Barricades are given no credit for providing protection against high-angle fragments. C5.3.1.3. A barricade placed between a PES and an ES interrupts the direct line-of-sight motion of the shock wave. If the barricade has sufficient dimensions and is located close enough to the ES, significant reductions in shock loading to selected areas of the ES may be realized. C5.3.2. Designs and Construction Materials C5.3.2.1. Army drawing 149-30-01, December 22, 1991, shows several conceptional designs and construction materials for barricades. C5.3.2.2. Materials for earthen barricades (including the earth-cover over magazines) shall be reasonably cohesive (solid or wet clay or similar types of soil may not be used as they are too cohesive) and free from deleterious organic matter, trash, debris, and stones heavier than 10 pounds or larger than 6 inches in diameter. The larger stones shall be limited to the lower center of fills and shall not be used for earth cover over magazines. The earthen material shall be compacted and prepared, as necessary, for structural integrity and erosion control. If it is impossible to use a cohesive material, for example, in sandy soil, the barricade or earth cover over magazines shall be finished with a suitable material to ensure structural integrity. C5.3.2.3. Unless means are provided to control erosion, the slope of an earthen barricade must be 2 horizontal to 1 vertical. Presently approved earthen barricades having slopes no greater than 1-1/2 horizontal to 1 vertical remain approved. C5.3.2.4 The earth fill or earth cover between igloo magazines may be either solid or sloped, but a minimum of 2 feet or earth cover shall be maintained over the top of each magazine. C5.3.2.5. Underground storage facilities present special conditions that must be accounted for in portal barricade design. Specific criteria for location and construction of portal barricades for these facilities are found in subsection C5.3.5., below. C5.3.3. Protection Against High-Speed and Low-Angle Fragments. For protection against high-velocity, low-angle fragments, determine the height, length, and location of a barricade, as follows: C5.3.3.1. Height. Establish a reference point at the top of the far edge of one of the two stacks under consideration between which the barricade is to be constructed. That reference point, if the top of the stacks are not at the same elevation, shall be on the stack whose top is at the lower elevation. Draw a line from the reference point to the highest point of the other stack. Draw a second line from the reference point forming an angle of 2 degrees above the line. To preclude building excessively high barricades, the barricade should be located as close as possible to the stack on which the reference point was established. When the stacks are of equal height, the reference point may be established on either stack. (See Figure C5.F2.) C5.3.3.2. Length. The length of the barricade shall be determined as shown in Figure C5.F3. C5.3.3.3. Location. For protection against high-velocity, low-angle fragments a barricade may be placed anywhere between the PES and the ES where conditions on its height and length are satisfied. C5.3.4. Overpressure Mitigation. General procedures to predict pressure mitigation versus barricade design and location have not been developed. However, based on direct experimental work, the overpressure loading on a surface area shielded by a barricade is reduced by 50 percent when the following length, height, and location conditions are satisfied: C5.3.4.1. Location. The barricade's standoff must be within two barricade heights of the protected area. C5.3.4.2. Height. The top of the barricade must be at least as high as the top of the protected area. C5.3.4.3. Width. The width of the barricade must be at least two times the width of the protected area. Figure C5.F2. Determination of Barricade Length. Figure C5.F3. Determination of Barricade Height. C5.3.5. Portal Barricades for Underground Magazines C5.3.5.1. Portal barricades for underground magazines are located immediately in front of an outside entrance or exit (that is, the portal) to a tunnel leading to an explosives storage point. The portal barricade should be centered on the extended axis of the tunnel that passes through the portal. Specific design criteria for a portal barricade are given in the Corps of Engineers definitive drawing number DEF 421-80-04. The remaining narrative of this paragraph is given for conceptual guidance. For maximum effectiveness, the front face (that is, the face toward the portal) of the barricade must be vertical and concave in plan, consisting of a central face oriented perpendicular to the tunnel axis, and wingwalls as shown in Figure C5.F4. The width of the central face typically equals the width of the tunnel at the portal. The wingwalls must be of sufficient width so that the entire barricade length intercepts an angle of ten degrees (minimum) to the right and left of the extended tunnel width. Likewise, the height of the barricade along its entire width must be sufficient to intercept an angle of ten degrees above the extended height of the tunnel. C5.3.5.2. Portal barricades for underground magazines must be located a distance of not less than one and not more than three tunnel widths from the portal. The actual distance should be no greater than that required to allow passage of any vehicles or materials handling equipment that may need to enter the tunnel. As shown in Figure C5.F4., this distance is based on the turning radius and operating width required for the vehicles or equipment. C5.3.5.3. To withstand the impact of debris ejected from the tunnel; the front face of the portal barricade (including wingwalls) must be constructed as a wall of reinforced concrete, with a minimum thickness equal to 10 percent of the barricade height, but in no case less than 12 inches. The concrete wall must have a spread footing of sufficient width to prevent significant settlement, and the central wall, wingwalls, and footing must be structurally tied together to provide stability. The backfill behind the concrete wall may be composed of any fill material, including rock rubble from the tunnel excavation, with a maximum particle size of six inches within the area extending out to three feet from the rear face of the wall. C5.3.6. Earth-Filled, Steel Bin-Type Barricades (Armco Inc. Revetments or Equivalent) for Outside Storage C5.3.6.1. These barricades, also known as Armco Inc. revetments, are earth-filled steel bins used to separate munitions awaiting scheduled processing, for example, munitions on flight lines associated with aircraft parking/loading operations or the temporary positioning of munitions awaiting transfer to preferred, long-term storage. The barricades are also used to separate uploaded aircraft. These barricades are normally used to form a series of cells. The barricades are designed to limit the MCE (for Q-D siting purpose) of the munitions stored in separate cells by preventing prompt detonation transfer to adjacent cells provided the munitions in each cell of the facility are properly positioned. Figure C5.F4. Portal Barricade Location, Height and Length. C5.3.6.2. It is important to recognize that Armco Inc. revetment cells have been evaluated for a limited number of munitions. The DDESB Secretariat will maintain and distribute a current list of all Service munitions qualified for storage in Armco Inc. revetments cells. C5.3.6.3. Armco Inc. revetments as sited in paragraph C5.3.6.4., below, should only be considered for preventing prompt detonation transfer, and that all munitions (and aircraft) in the series of cells are at risk of loss. In other words, although the revetments are effective in limiting the blast loading of adjacent ESs to that produced by the largest contents of a single cell, there is a significant probability that the contents of many cells will be damaged or destroyed by the initial and subsequent fire and explosion events. The extent of such losses increases with the amount of explosives present. Therefore, if valuable munitions and/or aircraft assets are to be preserved, then the quantities allowed in cells should be limited to satisfy valid essential operational requirements. C5.3.6.4. There are two types of Armco Inc. revetments, Type A and Type B. Type A revetments must be a minimum of seven feet thick. Type B revetments must be a minimum of 5.25 feet thick. Type A Armco Inc. revetments may be used to limit the MCE in a series of cells to the largest quantity in a single cell if that quantity does not exceed 30,000 pounds NEW. Type B Armco Inc. revetments may similarly be used to limit the MCE, provided no cell contains more than 5,000 pounds NEW. The following conditions must be met. C5.3.6.4.1. In addition to satisfying the criteria illustrated in Figures C5.F2. and C5.F3., munitions must be positioned no closer than ten feet from cell walls, no closer that three feet from the end of the wingwalls, and no higher than two feet below the top of cell walls. C5.3.6.4.2. Munitions shall be positioned with the objective of distributing them over the available area within the cell, rather than concentrating them in the small area. The contents of a cell (stored in quantities near the maximum NEW limit) must not be configured into a single row of pallets, stacks, or trailers. C5.3.6.4.3. Storage of munitions in inflammable outer-pack configurations must be minimized. C5.4. POLICY ON PROTECTIVE CONSTRUCTION Advances in protective construction permit achievement of any calculated level of protection from explosion communication between adjacent bays or buildings, for personnel against death or serious injury from incidents in adjacent bays or buildings, and for vital and expensive equipment installations. Therefore, the major objectives in facility planning shall be: C5.4.1. Provision of protection against explosion communication between adjacent bays or buildings and protection of personnel against death or serious injury from incidents in adjacent bays or buildings (see subsection C9.2.2. of Chapter 9). When the protection of personnel and facilities would be greatly enhanced or costs reduced significantly by having separate buildings to limit explosion propagation rather than using protective construction and separation of explosive units within one building, planning shall reflect this fact. C5.4.2. Provision for protection of vital and expensive equipment, if the additional cost is warranted. C5.4.3. When an appropriate degree of protection can be provided either by hardening a target building or construction of a source building to suppress explosion effects, these factors may be taken into account and the distance required by the standard Q-D tables may be reduced. Site and general construction plans for ammunition and explosives facilities that propose reduced distances based upon protective construction shall be accompanied by the rationale or test results that justify the reduction when they are submitted for DDESB approval (see section C5.6., below). C5.5. FACILITIES SITING CRITERIA This section establishes criteria for siting explosives and nonexplosives facilities with respect to PESs. C5.5.1. Administration, Industrial, and Convenience Areas C5.5.1.1. Administration and industrial areas shall be separated from PESs by inhabited building distances. C5.5.1.2. Auxiliary facilities such as heating plants, line offices, break areas, briefing rooms for daily work schedules or site safety matters, joiner shops, security posts, and similar functions located at or near explosives operations and servicing only one building or operation shall be so located and constructed as to provide fire protection (See paragraph C2.4.1.7. of Chapter 2). C5.5.2. Classification Yard C5.5.2.1. For protection of the classification yard from external explosions, separation distances shall be at least the applicable magazine distance. C5.5.2.2. Specific Q-D separation is not required from the classification yard to targets other than explosives locations when the classification yard is used exclusively for: C5.5.2.2.1. Receiving, dispatching, classifying, and switching of cars. C5.5.2.2.2. Interchanging of trucks, trailers, or railcars between the common carrier and the DoD activity. C5.5.2.2.3. Conducting external inspection of motor vehicles or railcars, or opening of free rolling doors of railcars for the purpose of removing documents and making a visual inspection of the cargo. C5.5.2.3. If the yard is used at any time for any purpose other than listed in paragraph C5.5.2.2., above, such as placing or removal of dunnage or explosives items into or from railcars, Q-D tables apply. C5.5.3. Areas for Burning Ammunition and Explosives. Use the Q-D formula described in paragraph C9.2.2.1., Chapter 9 and the requirements in paragraphs C5.5.3.1. through C5.5.3.3., below, to determine safe locations for burning ammunition and explosives. C5.5.3.1. Use a risk factor of K24 in the Q-D formula to determine the minimum safe distance for either personnel burning ammunition and explosives and/or those conducting unrelated ammunition operations. C5.5.3.2. Use a risk factor of K40 in the Q-D formula to determine the safe distance for persons not performing ammunition operations. However, if the NEW of burn material is more than 100 pounds, the minimum safe distance shall be at least 1,250 feet. The minimum safe distance for a NEW of 100 pounds or less shall be at least 670 feet. C5.5.3.3. Locate burning grounds at intraline distance from other PESs. C5.5.4. Ranges Used for Destruction of Ammunition, Demonstrations, and Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) C5.5.4.1. The minimum separation distances between ranges (where explosives demolitions, demonstrations, and EOD explosives operations are conducted) and non-essential personnel are determined by application of the criteria given below. If the minimum separation distance requirements for previously approved DDESB sitings or those prescribed in this section cannot be met, then personnel shall be provided with protection as specified in subsection C4.3.2., Chapter 4. C5.5.4.1.1. Distance (Feet) = 328 W1/3, but not less than 1250 feet, for non-fragmenting explosive materials. If known, maximum debris throw ranges, with an applicable safety factor, may be used to replace the 1250 feet minimum range. C5.5.4.1.2. Distance (Feet) = 328 W1/3, but not less than 2500 feet, for fragmenting explosive materials. For bombs and projectiles with caliber 5 inches or greater use a minimum distance of 4000 feet. The maximum fragment throw range (including the interaction effects for stacks of items or single items, whichever applies), with an appropriate safety factor, may be used to replace the 2500 feet or 4000 feet minimum ranges. Items should be sited so that lugs and/or strongbacks and nose and/or tail plate sections are oriented away from personnel locations. C5.5.4.2. Separation Distances for EOD Operations C5.5.4.2.1. EOD operational incidents involving threat devices require the application of public withdrawal distances to all non-essential personnel as prescribed in Table C8.T2. C5.5.4.2.2. EOD operations and/or demonstrations conducted on ranges require minimum non-essential personnel separation distances defined in paragraph C5.5.4.1., above. C5.5.4.2.3. Essential personnel conducting EOD training operations, or operations involving demolition of explosives and ammunition, do not require minimum separation distances. Protection of these individuals shall be determined by competent on-site authorities. C5.5.4.2.4. EOD training ranges to maintain EOD proficiency are limited to a maximum of 5 lb of demolition explosives (bare charges or items without a fragment hazard). The ranges are to be constructed and sited as follows: C5.5.4.2.4.1. The destruction point must be at least 500 feet from all other facilities, such as those with inhabited building, public traffic route, or intraline distance requirements. C5.5.4.2.4.2. If the destruction point separation distance cannot satisfy the 500 feet requirement described above, then the separation distance may be reduced to 300 feet if the range is limited to 2.5 lb, or 200 feet if the range is limited to 1.25 lb of demolition explosives. Destruction points located with these reduced distances must be barricaded as follows: C5.5.4.2.4.2.1. A barricade is to be constructed within 10 feet of the destruction point to control ejection of debris. It must be the equivalent of two sandbags thick and at least six feet high. C5.5.4.2.4.2.2. The barricade must have two entrances opposing each other at 180 degrees separation. Each entrance must have a barricade equivalent to two sandbags thick and be long enough to effectively block all fragments and blast. C5.5.4.2.4.3. If a training range is used for operations that will produce fragments above the level expected for normal EOD proficiency training (normally open shots), then the range must satisfy the requirements of paragraph C5.5.4.1., above. C5.5.4.2.4.4. The range distance may be reduced to 100 feet if the EOD training is done using explosively operated tool kits. In this case, the site must be barricaded as described above, and only inert ammunition items used for training. C5.5.4.3. Due to ballistic uncertainties for impact locations of various weapons and delivery systems, where demonstrations involve live fire exercises, range safety considerations shall be determined on a case-by-case basis by competent test authorities. C5.5.4.4. Protective structures for personnel or measures taken to suppress blast and/or fragment effects, at disposals and demonstrations, may be used to reduce the required withdrawal distance. C5.5.4.5. The minimum separation distances for essential personnel at disposal operations and demonstrations are to be determined by applicable authorities on site. These authorities shall also determine who are essential personnel. C5.5.4.6. Control sites for ammunition and explosives destruction, demonstration, and EOD operations must be at intraline distance from other PESs based on the PES NEW. C5.5.5. Inert Storage Area. The DoD Component concerned shall determine the acceptable protection for such areas after consideration of the value and importance of material in relation to the mission of the installation, the operational conditions, and the availability of space. C5.5.6. Interchange Yards. Truck, trailer, or railcar interchange yards are not subject to Q-D regulations when they are used exclusively: C5.5.6.1. For the interchange of vehicles or railcars containing ammunition and explosives between the commercial carrier and DoD activities. C5.5.6.2. To conduct external inspection of the trucks, trailers, or railcars containing ammunition and explosives. C5.5.6.3. To conduct visual inspection of the external condition of the cargo in vehicles (such as trucks, trailers, and railcars) that passed the external inspection. If the yards are used at any time for any purpose other than above, applicable Q-D tables apply (see paragraph C9.2.2.7., Chapter 9). C5.5.7. Inter-Service Support and Tactical Facilities. Application of Q-D standards between inter-Service support facilities and for inter-Service tactical facilities. C5.5.7.